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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Endogenous attention |
you choose what to pay attention to |
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Exogenous attention |
the environment determines what you pay attention to |
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saccades |
small, rapid eye movements |
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fixations |
pauses in eye movements that indicate where a person is attending (approx. 3 per second) |
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stimulus salience |
areas of stimuli that exogenously capture attention due to their properties (color contrast, orientation) |
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scene schema |
prior knowledge about what is found in typical scenes (influence fixations) |
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task demands |
override stimulus saliency and influence fixations |
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inattentional blindness |
a stimulus is not perceived even when the person is looking directly at it |
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change blindness |
a change from one image to another is not noticed |
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binding |
the process by which features are combined to create perception of coherent objects |
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binding problem |
features of objects are processed separately in different areas of the brain |
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feature integration theory |
object > preattentive stage > focused attention stage > perception |
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conjunction search |
finding target with two or more features |
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illusory conjunctions |
features that should be associated with an object become incorrectly associated with another |
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balint's syndrome |
patients with parietal lobe damage show lack of focused attention results in incorrect combination of features |
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attentional capture |
motion attracts attention to the moving object |
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5 ways to perceive motion |
real motion, motion aftereffect, illusory motion, induced motion, implied motion |
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three situations that lead to motion perception >>> 1. |
an object moves, and the observer is stationary. movement creates an image that moves on the observer's retina |
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>>> 2. |
an object moves, and the observer follows the object with their eyes. the image is stationary on the retina |
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>>> 3. |
an observer moves their eyes. image of environment moves across retina but environment is perceived as stationary |
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corollary discharge theory |
movement perception depends on 3 signals: 1. motor signal (MS) - signal sent to eyes to move eye muscles 2. corollary discharge signal (CDS) - split from the motor signal 3. Image displacement signal (IDS) - movement of image stimulating receptors across the retina |
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motor signal (MS) |
signal sent to eyes to move eye muscles |
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corollary discharge signal (CDS) |
split from the motor signal |
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Image displacement signal (IDS) |
movement of image stimulating receptors across the retina |
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static eye looking at a moving person or eye following a moving person |
movement is perceived when comparator receives input from corollary discharge signal (CDS) or image displacement signal (IDS) |
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eye looking arouns but nothing happens |
movement is not perceived when comparator receives input from both corollary discharge and image displacement signals at the same time |
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optic array |
structure created by surfaces, textures, and contours, which change as the observer moves through the environment |
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global optic flow |
overall movement of optic array; indicates that observer is moving and not the environment |
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aperture problem |
the direction of part of a moving object does not always provide enough information about how the whole object is moving |
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solution to aperture problem |
how the ends of an object move determines how you see the parts moving; end-stopped cortical cells find the moving ends |
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biological motion |
movement of person or other living organism |
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point-light walker stimulus |
biological motion made by placing lights in specific places on a person that gains structure from motion |
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motion aftereffect |
movement appears to occur in the opposite direction from the original movement, sometimes called the waterfall illusion; wearing out motion sensors |
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illusory motion |
apparent movement between objects; stationary stimuli are presented in slightly different locations |
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static illusory motion |
still not understood, but believed to involve motion sensitive cells and changes in contrast; leads to similar activation as real motion and phi phenomenon |
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induced motion |
movement of one object results in the perception of movement in another object |
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implied motion |
imagining motion suggested by images; pictures that are stationary depict an action that involves motion |
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representational momentum |
observers show that the implied motion is carried out in the observer's mind |
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functions of color vision |
color signals help us classify and identify objects; color facilitates perceptual organization of elements into objects; color vision may provide an evolutionary advantage in foraging for food |
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superimposition |
different wavelengths of light at the same location don't mix into one wavelength of light - they exist separately in the same location |
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achromatic colors |
contain no hues - white black and gray tones |
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hue |
changing wavelength |
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saturation |
adding white (all wavelengths) to a color results in LESS saturated color |
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intensity |
energy or amount of light |
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additive color mixture |
mixing LIGHTS of different wavelengths; superimposing short and medium-long light waves leads to the perception of white |
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trichromatic theory of color vision |
three cone types that are sensitive to different ranges of wavelengths; combinations of the responses across all three cone types lead to perception of all colors |
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recognition-by-components theory |
objects are recognized by volumetric features (geons) |
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Geons |
36 volumetric features that combine to make all 3-D objects; include cylinders, rectangular solids, and pyramids |
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geon view-invariant properties |
aspects of the object that remain visible from different viewpoints |
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geon non-accidental properites |
properties of edges in the retinal image that correspond with the 3-D environment |
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principle of componential recovery |
the ability to recognize an object if we can identify its geons |
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motion agnosia |
damage to the cortex resulting in an inability to perceive movement |
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opponent-process theory of color vision |
colors are discriminated by opposing responses generated by blue and yellow, and by green and red |
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monochromat |
person who needs only one wavelength to match any color |
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dichromat |
person who needs only two wavelengths to match any color |
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trichromat |
three wavelengths needed to match any color |
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chromatic adaptation |
adapting when the stimulus color selectively bleaches a specific cone pigment |
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memory and color |
past knowledge impacts color perception |
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the ratio principle |
two areas that reflect different amounts of light look the same if the ratios of their intensities are the same |
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occlusion |
when one object partially covers another |
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relative height |
base of objects below the horizon that are higher are more distant but objects above the horizon lower in the visual field are more distant |
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relative size |
when objects are equal in size, the closer one will take up more of your visual field |
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perspective convergence |
parallel lines appear to come together in the distance |
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familiar size |
distance based on our knowledge of object size |
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atmospheric perspective |
distance objects are fuzzy and have blue tint |
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texture gradient |
equally spaced elements are more closely packed as distance increases |
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shadows |
indicate where objects are located |
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motion parallax |
close objects in direction of movement glide rapidly past but objects in the distance appear to move slowly |
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deletion and accretion |
objects are covered or uncovered as we move relative to them; covering an object is deletion, uncovering an object is accretion |
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binocular disparity |
difference in images from two eyes; difference can be described by examining corresponding points on the two retinas |
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the horopter |
imaginary sphere that passes through the point of focus; objects on the horopter fall on the corresponding points on the two retinas |
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size constancy |
perception of an object's size remains relatively constant; this effect remains even if the size of the retinal image changes |
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size-distance scaling equation |
S = R x D; S = object's perceived size, R = retinal size, D = perceived distance; the changes in PERCEIVED distance and retinal size balance each other |