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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
cells of Cerebral Cortex
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Pyramidal Cells
NonPyramidal Cells |
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Pyramidal Cells
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MultiPolar neurons
One main dendrite Axon projects to white mater, becomes a projection of association fiber |
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Stellate Cells
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Small Polygonal, (granule cells)
Numerous small dendrites Short Axon |
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Horizontal Cells
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Small Fusiform
Superficially found Many small dendrites Long Axon, runs parallel to cortical surface |
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Martinotti Cells
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Small Multipolar
Deeper layer Short Dendrites Long Axon, ascends to superficial layer |
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List the 6 Layers of cerebral Cortex
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1-Molecular/Plexiform Layer
2-External Granular Layer 3-Pyramidal Cell layer 4-Internal Layer 5-Ganglionic Layer 6-Multiform Layer |
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Molecular/Plexiform Layer of Cerebral Cortex
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Nerve cells
Horizontal cells |
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External Granular Layer of Cerebral Cortex
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Small Pyramidal cells
Stellate (granule) cells |
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Pyramidal Layer of Cerebral Cortex
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Large Pyramidal cells
few Granule cells |
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Ganglionic Layer of Cerebral Cortex
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Large Pyramidal
Martinotti Cells Stellate Cells |
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Multiform Layer of Cerebral Cortex
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Pyramidal cells
Stellate cells Martinotti cells |
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Molecular Layer of Cerebellum
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Neurons - Stellate & Basket Cells
Stellate: star shaped, short dendrites, single transverse axon, synapses with Purkinji |
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Purkinji Cell Layer of Cerebellum
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Stroma of Pukinji cells
they are the functional unit of cerebellum. flask shaped, Large Multipolar |
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Granular Layer of Cerebellum
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Small type II golgi neurons, extend through all layers of cortex, synapse with Mossy fibers
Granule Cells: few short dendrites, Axons ascend to molecular layer. |
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Climbing Fibers of Cerebellum
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Originate in Inferior Olivary Nuclei of Medulla
Synapse in Molecular layer with Purkinji dendrites |
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Mossy Fibers of Cerebellum
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From Spinocerebellar tract, vestibulocerebellar tract, pontocerebellar etc.
Synapse with Golgi type II and Granule cells |
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Parenchyma of Salivary Gland has...
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Alveoli (acini) which are spherical in shape, lined internally by secretory epithelial cells (pyramidal w/spherical basal nucleus).
Can be Serous or Mucous alveoli |
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Stroma of Salivary Gland has...
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Dense CT, capsule provides septa to lobulate gland.
Septa are vascular |
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Ductal System of Salivary gland has...
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Interlobular - simple columnar epithelium
Interlobar - pseudostratified columnar (proximally: Intercalated, distally: Striated) Main Duct - Statified columnar |
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Characteristics of Parotid Gland
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Largest salivary gland
only serous elongated Intercalated duct (proximal interlobar) well developed CT secretions rich in Amylase |
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Characteristics of SubLingual Gland
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Mixed type, predominantly MUCUS
Striated duct wider and longer, lined by CUBOIDAL. foamy appearance. Well developed CT secretions rich in Lysosomes |
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Thymus:
Characteristics Embryological Development |
- Bilobed. Involute near puberty. Epithelium of pouches, develop into sponge like structure. Capsule + Septa
No lymphoid follicles No afferent lymphatic vessels - Endoderm of 3rd Pharyngeal Pouch |
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Thymic Cortex:
Thymic Medulla: |
Cortex - highly cellular, basophilic, septa is vascular
Medulla - less cellular, eosinophillic, central medulla contains Hassal's corpuscles |
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Give characteristic features of the inner and outer lip
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Cutaneous Surface:
Keratinized, statified squamous epithelium, hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands Red Area: Non-keratinized squamous epithelium, thick stratum lucidium. Numerus thick vascular dermal papillae (red). Oral Surface: Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Lamina propria contains mucous glands (labial salivary glands). |
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The Skeletal muscle of the tongue is covered by...
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mucous membrane, non-keratinized statified squamous. Cornified on dorsal surface.
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Skeletal muscle of the tongue is classified as (3):
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1-Longitudinal
2-Transverse 3-Vertical |
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Describe anterior 2/3 of the tongue's surface
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rough due to lingual papillae. Three types:
1-Filiform - No TasteBuds 2-fungiform - TasteBuds present 3-Circumvallate - 8-12, V-shape, Sulcus Terminalis, TasteBuds present in trenches |
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List layers of Adrenal Cortex w/respective secretions
(essential to life) |
ZonaGlomerulosa - Mineralcorticoids (eg. ADH)
ZonaFasiculata - Glucocorticoids (cortisol) "Go Find Rex; Make Good Sex" (glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis) (mineralocorticoid, glucocorticoid, sex steroids). ZonaReticularis - Sex Hormones |
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What to the Acidophilic and Basophilic cells of the Anterior Pituitary release
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"GPA" (growth hormone and prolactin are secreted by the acidophils).
"B-FLAT" (basophils secrete FSH, LH, ACTH, and TSH). |
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What does the Posterior Pituitary release?
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ADH, Oxytocin
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What are the two types of peripheral nerves?
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Cranial and Spinal
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what are layers of peripheral nerves?
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Epineurium - Dense CT around peripheral nerve
Perineurium - CT around fascicles Endoneurium - CT around each nerve fiber |
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What are the two cell types in the thyroid gland, and what do they release?
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Follicular - Thyroid Hormones (T3, T4)
Parafollicular (C cells) - Calcitonin |
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What are the two cell types in the parathyroid gland, what is their function?
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Principle or Chief cells & Oxyphil cells.
secrete ion hormones that raise ionized serum calcium levels. |
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What are characteristics of endocrine glands?
List glands of Endocrine System What is its function? |
Endocrine glands are ductless, clusters of cells that secrete hormones directly into the blood to interact with the nervous system
Pitutary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Pineal, Adrenal Modulates and controls body's metabolic activities |
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What are Hormones?
How are they classified? |
Hormones are chemical messengers that travel to distant Target Cells via circulatory system
-Water Soluble: Interact with specific receptors on cell surface which communicates the message inside the cell for a biological response. -Lipid Soluble: directly affects transcription as it can pass into the cytosol or nucleus to bind its specific receptor |
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Where does the Pituitary (Hypophysis) lie?
What are its Anterior and Posterior divisions called? |
It lies bellow the hypothalamus
Ant - Adrenohypophysis Post - Neurohypophysis |
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Anterior Pituitary aka Adrenohypophysis
What is its embryological origin? What are its further subdivisions? |
Adrenohypophysis originates from Rathke Pouch, an Ectodermal diverticulum of Stomodeum
- Pars Tuberalis - Pars Intermedia - Pars Distalis |
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Pars Distalis - supported by connective tissue. Contains cords of irregular Parenchymal cells lying adjacent to ___ capillaries
What are the Subdivisions of Parenchymal cells? |
FENESTRATED
Chromophil >Acidophil: GP.A Somatotrophs(GrowthHormone) Mammotrophs(Prolactin) >Basophil B.FLAT Gonadotrophs (FSH,LH) Coticotrophs (ATCH) Thyrotrophs (TSH) Chromophobe - No Stain Folliculostellate Cells - found between chromophils and chromophobes |
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The Pars Intermedia of the Adrenohypophysis lies in between the pars __ & pars ___
What are its characteristic features? |
The Pars Intermedia lies in between the pars NERVOSA & pars DISTALIS
- Rathke Cysts (lined by cuboidal cells) - Prohormone secreting Basophilic cells |
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the Pars Tuberalis of the Adrenohypophsis surrounds the cranial part of the Infundibulum. What cells does it contain?
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Cuboidal, Basophilic cells arranged in cords along capillaries
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Neurohypophysis originates from the ___ of the ___ and is divided into the infundibulum.
Describe the following terms: -Hypothalamohypophyseal tract -Pars Nervsa -Pituictes |
Neurohypophysis originates from the EVAGINATION of the HYPOTHALAMUS and is divided into the infundibulum.
Hypothalamohypophyseal tract - transports Oxytocin, ADH, Neurophysin & ATP to the Pars Nervosa Pars Nervosa - Herrings bodies, Releases hormones into fenestrated capillaries in response to nerve stimulation Pituicytes - supporting cells |
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Thyroid follicles are spherical structures filled with __, a viscous gel consisting mostly of iodinated thyrogolobulin
Thyroid follicles are enveloped by a layer of epithelial cells called __ cells which in turn are surrounded by ___ cells. These 2 parenchymal cell rest on the basal lamina |
Thyroid follicles are spherical structures filled with COLLOID, a viscous gel consisting mostly of iodinated thyrogolobulin
Thyroid follicles are enveloped by a layer of epithelial cells called FOLLICULAR cells which in turn are surrounded by PARAFOLLICULAR cells. These 2 parenchymal cell rest on the basal lamina |
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Follicular cells of the Thyroid Gland are normally __ in shape but become __ when stimulates and __ when inactive.
__ vesicles are involved in the release of __ in to colloid What do the cells contain? |
Follicular cells of the Thyroid Gland are normally SPHERICAL in shape but become CUBOIDAL when stimulates and SQUAMOUS when inactive.
Mitochondrion (rod shaped) RER Golgi Complex Lysosomes APICAL vesicles are involved in the release of THYROGLOBULIN in to colloid |
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Where are T4, aka __ , & T3, aka __ , synthesized?
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T4, aka THYROXINE , & T3, aka TRIIODOTHYROXINE , are synthesized in Follicular cells in the Thyroid
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Which cells secrete Calcitonin?
Where are they located? What is Calcitonin released in response to? |
Caclcitonin is released by Parafollicular cells in response to elevated blood Glu levels (aka C cells). Inhibits osteoclasts
Present in small clusters between the follicular cells and basal lamina They belong to the DNES cells, also known as APUD cells - Amine Precursor Uptake & Decarboxylation Possess elongated mitochondrion and rich in RER |
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How do T4 & T3 promote heat production?
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By increasing the Basal Metabolic Rate. They also have a broad effect on gene expression and induction of protein synthesis
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The parenchyma of Parathyroid cells is composed of __ & __ cells.
Give characteristic features of both cells... |
Parathyroid is composed of Chief cells & Oxyphil cells. Chief cells secretes PARATHYROID hormone (PTH)
Chief cells Basophili central nucleus Small Mitochondrion Developed Golgi High RER Oxyphil cells Eosinophilic Large Mitochindrion Under-developed Golgi Less RER |
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What is the function of the Parathyroid hormone?
Removal of the Parathyroid Gland can cause... |
To increase blood calcium levels by directly stimulating Osteoclast cells to reabsorb bone. This is the opposite of Calcitonin.
Accidental removal can cause Tetany, hyperexcitability and spasticity of skeletal muscle. |
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The Adrenal gland has to embryological origins. The Adrenal Medulla arises from the __ whereas the Adrenal Cortex arises from the __. The adrenal glands are invested in their own collagenous layer.
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The Adrenal gland has to embryological origins. The Adrenal Medulla arises from the MESODERM whereas the Adrenal Cortex arises from the NEURAL CREST. The adrenal glands are invested in their own collagenous layer.
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The adrenal Cortex contains parenchymal cells that synthesize and secrete, but DON'T STORE, steroid hormones.
What are the three layers, and what do they secrete? |
Zona Glomerulosa
Mineralcorticoids - Aldosterone & Deoxycorticosterone. Small cells have shelf like cristae & extensive SER Zona Fasciculata Glucocorticoids - Cortisol & Corticosterone. Columns of cell & sinusoidal capillaries. termed Spongiocytes due to Lipid droplets Zona Reticularis Androgen (Male Sex Hormones) - masculine features |
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The adrenal medulla contains __ cells, which synthesize, store & secrete Catecholamines.
These cells are __ cells containing secretory granules. They possess __ Golgi, __ RER, & __ mitochondrion |
The adrenal medulla contains __ cells, which synthesize, store & secrete Catecholamines.
These cells are POLYHEDRAL cells containing secretory granules. They possess MANY Golgi, FEW RER, & MANY mitochondrion |
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Blood supply to Adrenal Gland
Zona Glomerulosa is supplied by __ capillaries, whereas the Zona Fasciculata & Reticularis are supplied by __, __, & __ capillaries __ capillaries form an extensive network among the Chromaffin cells |
Blood supply to Adrenal Gland
Zona Glomerulosa is supplied by FENESTRATED capillaries, whereas the Zona Fasciculata & Reticularis are supplied by FENESTRATED, STRAIGHT, & DISCONTINUOUS capillaries FENESTRATED capillaries form an extensive network among the Chromaffin cells |