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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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o Cell
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basic unit of all forms of life
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o Cell theory
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fundamental concept of biology that states that all living things are composed of cells; that cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things; and that new cells are produced from existing cells
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o Cell membrane
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thin, flexible barrier around all cells; regulates what enters and leaves the cell
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o Nucleus
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in cells, a structure that contains the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA
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o Eukaryote
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organism whose cells contain a nucleus
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o Prokaryote
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unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus
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o Cytoplasm
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fluid portion of the cell outside of the nucleus
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o Organelle
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a specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell
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o Vacuole
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cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
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o Lysosome
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Cell organelle that breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell
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o Cytoskeleton
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network of protein filaments in a eukaryotic cell that gives the cell its shape and internal organization and is involved in movement
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o Centriole
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structure in an animal cell that helps to organize cell division
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o Ribosome
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Cell organelle consisting of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm in a cell; the site of protein synthesis
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o Endoplasmic reticulum
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internal membrane system found in eukaryotic cells; place where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled
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o Golgi apparatus
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organelle in cells that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or release outside the cell
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o Chloroplast
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organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy
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o Mitochondrion
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cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use
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o Cell wall
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strong, supporting layer around the cell membrane in plant cells
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o Lipid bilayer
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Flexible double-layered sheet that makes up the cell membrane and forms a barrier between the cell and its surroundings
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o Selectively permeable
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A property of biological membranes that allows some substances to pass across it, while others cannot; also called semipermeable membrane
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o Diffusion
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process by which particles tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated
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o Facilitated diffusion
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process of diffusion in which molecules pass across the membrane through cell membrane channels
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o Aquaporin
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water channel protein in a cell
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o Osmosis
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The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
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o Isotonic
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when the concentration of 2 solutions is the same
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o Hypertonic
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when comparing 2 solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes
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o Hypotonic
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when comparing 2 solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes
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o Osmotic pressure
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pressure that must be applied to prevent osmotic movement across a selectively permeable membrane
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o Homeostasis
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relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions that organisms maintain
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o Tissue
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group of similar cells that perform a particular function
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o Organ
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group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions
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o Organ system
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group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
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Organism
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an individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form
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o Population
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group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area
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o Community
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assemble of different populations that live together in a defined area
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o Ecosystem
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all the organisms that live in a place, together with their nonliving environment
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o Biosphere
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part of earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere
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o Calorie
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the amount of energy needed to raise the temp of 1g of 1 C
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o Cellular respiration
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releases energy by breaking down glucose or other food molecules
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o Aerobic
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Need oxygen
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o Anaerobic
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does not need oxygen
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o Glycolysis
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separating energy from molecules
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o NAD+
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an electron carrier that accepts a pair of high-energy electrons; similar to NADP+ in photosynthesis
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o Cell division
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process in which a cell divides into two new daughter cells
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o Asexual reproduction
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process of reproduction involving a single parent that results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent
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o Sexual reproduction
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type of reproduction in which cells from two parents unite to form the first cell of a new organism
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o Chromosome
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threadlike structure within the nucleus that contains genetic information that is passed on from one generation to the next
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o Chromatin
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threadlike structure within the nucleus that contains genetic information that is passed on from one generation to the next
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o Cell cycle
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series of events in which a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells
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o Interphase
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period of the cell cycle between cell divisions in which the cell grows
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o Mitosis
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part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides
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o Cytokinesis
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division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells
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o Prophase
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first and longest phase of mitosis in which the genetic material inside the nucleus condenses and the chromosomes become visible
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o Metaphase
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phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
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o Centromere
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region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach
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o Chromatid
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one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome
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o Centriole
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structure in an animal cell that helps to organize cell division
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o Anaphase
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phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell
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o Telophase
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phase of mitosis in which the distinct individual chromosomes begin to spread out into a tangle of chromatin
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o Cyclin
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one of a family of proteins that regulates the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells
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o Growth factor
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one of a group of external regulatory proteins that stimulate the growth and division of cells
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o Apoptosis
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the process of programmed cell death
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o Cancer
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disorder in which some of the body's cells lose the ability to control growth
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o Tumor
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mass of rapidly dividing cells that can damage surrounding tissue
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o Krebs Cycle
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the cycle in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions; aka the citric acid cycle
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o Matrix
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Innermost compartment in mitochondria
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o Fermentation
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the process that releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen
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