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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Legal drugs
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-caffeine
-nicotine -Ethanol |
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Illegal drugs
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-Cocaine,amphetamine
-LSD,Ecstasy -Cannabis -Heroin |
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Drugs can be
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CNS stimulants or depressants
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Why are drugs abused?
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-Psychoactive drugs that cause dependence elicit rewarding effect.(positive reinforcement)
-habituation or adaptation(negative reinforcement,psycho. craving,physical abstinence syndrome) |
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Drug abuse
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Use of illicit substances(illicit use of legal substances) characterised by recurrent and clinically significant adverse consequences.
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Drug dependence
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State where drug taking becomes compulsive(over other needs)--> can be psychological or physical.
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Physical dependence
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-when body has adapted physiologically to the chronic presence of the drug,with dev. of symptoms when drug is stopped(withdrawal symptom)
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When someone has taken drugs in qty for a time and comes to rely on the use of a drug in order to feel weel and for their body to function normally
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Physical dependence
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Psychological dependence
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Attribute of all drugs of abuse and indicates that user feels that drug is needed for individual to reach an optimal level of function or to achieve a feeling of well-being.
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All dependence producing drugs increase
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Dopamine in nucleus accumbens
-increase firing of dopaminergic nerves -enhance DA release or prevent uptake |
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Increased 5-HT activity
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Decreases drug seeking behaviour.
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2 overlapping classes of CNS stimulants
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-Stimulants
-Psychomimetics(hallucinogens,psychedelics) |
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Stimulants
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-Produce excitement,euphoria,reduce fatigue
-Amphetamine,cocaine |
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Psychomimetics
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-Affect thought patterns & perception
-LSD,ecstasy |
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Both cocaine and amphet.
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Increase NA in synaptic cleft(also affect dopaminergic,serotonergic transmission)
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Cocaine
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-Blocks reuptake of NA by binding with carrier
-Increased availability of NA in cleft -Doesnt work well if nerve NOT firing. |
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Amphetamine
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-High affinity for carrier
-competes for carrier & MAO -works even if nerves are quiescent. |
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Cocaine in Western society
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-Rapid absorption(high conc)
-Intense euphoria -Craving for more drug -Repeated use(runs) -Followed by crash(dysphoria,irritability) |
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Cocaine blues
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-Decrease capacity to experience pleasure
-Psychotic symptoms,depression |
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Withdrawal from cocaine
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-depression
-anxiety -fatigue |
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SEs
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-HT
-tachy -coronary vasospasm -dysrhythmias -Convulsions |
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Amphetamine releases
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NA and DA and 5-HT in CNS
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Effects of amphetamines
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-mood elevation
-euphoria -increase locomotor activity -stereoptypic behaviour(pushing your glasses up all the time) |
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Effects of Amphet. on physical and mental performances
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-Fatigue postponed
-Confidence -Speedy performance -LESS accurate |
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Amphet. can
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Suppress appetite
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Overdose of amphet.
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-Anxiety
-Nervous and physical tension -Tremors -Confusion,dizziness -time passes quickly -Hyperthermia,tachy,increased BP,vascular collapse-death -amphet. psychosis-hallucinations. |
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Dependence from amphet.
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-not as marked as cocaine
-particularly depressives,lonely ppl -withdrawal(PHYSICAL) with lethargy,sleep,desire for food,depression. |
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Caffeine
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Increases alertnes,well being with NO euphoria BUT delays of onset of sleep.
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CAffeine stimulates
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Mental activity
-postpone boredom,fatigue,inattentiveness -enhanced intellectual/motor performances(if reduced by fatigue/boredom) -anxiety,tension & tremors |
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To which drug class does caffeine belong?
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Methylxanthine
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Methylxanthine
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-Adenosine antagonist
-PDE inhibitor |
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Dependence from caffeine
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-No strong reinforcing effect in animals,social aspect in humans
-weekend headache |
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LSD
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Lysergic acid Diethylamide
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LSD effects
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-Visual,auditory,olfactory,tactile hallucinations
-thought processes disturbed but aware drug-induced -altered perception,sights & sounds appear distorted + fantastic |
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Weeks to months after taking LSDs,
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Flashbacks of hallucinatory experience.
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In CNS, LSD is
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5-HT2 agonist(autoreceptors: inhibition of 5-HT neurones in Raphe)
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Dependence from LSD
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-Bad trip(homicide/suicide attempts)
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Tolerance to LSDs
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-Rapid(receptor mediated effect)
-Cross tolerance with other psychomimetics |
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Ecstasy releases
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Dopamine and serotonin
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Ecstasy has
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Stimulant & hallucinogenic effects.
-less effective than amphet. -feeling of closeness,considered safer |
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Ecstasy use leads to
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-Psychological dependence
-Increased HR/BP -Disrupted thermoregulation(chills/sweating) -potential degeneration of 5-HT & DA neurons--> affects mood,memory,sleep,appetite |
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Marijuana
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Dried leaves /flower heads from cannabis plant
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Hashish
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Extracted resin
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Delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol
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Is active component.
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Subjective effects of THC
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-Relaxation,feeling of well-being(like alcohol w/o aggression)
-Sharpened sensory awareness -Increased intensity of sounds & sights(similar to LSD but les pronounced) |
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Central actions of THC
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-Euphoria
-Impaired short term memory -Impaired motor coordination -Catalepsy -Analgesia -Anti emetic -Increased appetite |
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Peripheral effects of THC
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-Tachy
-Sympathetic -Vasodilatation -Reduced intraocular pressure -Bronchodilatation |
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For THC,
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Evidence of physical and psychological dependence in HEAVY users for extended period of time
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Cannabinoid receptors
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-CB 1 (central)
-CB 2 (peripheral) -G protein coupled receptors ,inhibition of adenylate cyclase |
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Anandamide
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-Endogenous agonist
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Nabilone
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-Synthetic analogue
-Being dev. as anti-emetic |
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Nicotine
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-nicotinic muscarinic receptor agonist
-Actions in CNS and periphery -rapid tolerance to peripheral but not central actions -marked withdrawal symptoms,intense craving - |
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Ethanol is a
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CNS depressant
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Ethanol can
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-Inhibit Ca2+ channel opening
-Enhance GABA action(GABA A receptors with reversal by Flumazenil) -Inhibit NMDA-type glutamate receptors |
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Behavioural effects of ethanol
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-Increased self-confidence
-euphoria -usually loud,outgoing -at higher doses,aggression + mood swings |
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Motor effects of ethanol
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-loss of motor coordination
-Slurred speech |
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Marked tolerance from ethanol
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-Enhanced clearance
-Addtional tissue tolerance of uncertain mechanism |
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Physical dependence from ethanol
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Well defined abstinence syndrome.0
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