Sectional Anatomy Brain And Spinal Cord

Front 1

cingulate gyrus part of what larger structural division

Back 1

limbic lobe

Front 2

lies on the medial aspect of the frontal and parietal lobes above the corpus callosum

Back 2

cingulate gyrus

Front 3

separating the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles.

Back 3

septum pellucidum

Front 4

caudate nucleus and putamen

Back 4

striatum

Front 5

lies in the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle

Back 5

head of caudate

Front 6

separates caudate from putamen

Back 6

internal capsule (anterior limb)

Front 7

separates the external capsule from the
extreme capsule and insular cortex.

Back 7

claustrum

Front 8

small commissure that interconnects the temporal lobes

Back 8

anterior commissure

Front 9

At the level of the anterior
commissure, separates the caudate and putamen

Back 9

globus pallidus and internal capsule

Front 10

large tracts carrying fibers fromn the hippocampus, lie above the anterior
commissure.

Back 10

fornix columns

Front 11

septum pellucidum runs vertically from ______ to ____________.

Back 11

the corpus callosum to the fornix

Front 12

connects each of the
lateral ventricles to the unpaired midline third ventricle

Back 12

intraventricular foramen of Monro

Front 13

lies in the
lateral wall of the lateral ventricle.

Back 13

body of caudate nucleus

Front 14

lentiform nucleus

Back 14

putamen and globus pallidus

Front 15

a nucleus in the rostral part of the ventromedial temporal lobe deep to the
uncus of the parahippocampal gyrus

Back 15

amygdala (tip of hippocampus)

Front 16

fxns of amygdala

Back 16

adds emotional salience to ongoing sensory experience

Front 17

located ventral to the thalamus and medial to the posterior limb of the
internal capsule.

Back 17

subthalamus

Front 18

mammillary bodies are part of what?

Back 18

hypothalamus

Front 19

lies in the walls of the midline third ventricle

Back 19

thalamus

Front 20

separates the thalamus from the putamen and
both segments (GPe, GPi) of the globus pallidus.

Back 20

internal capsule (posterior limb)

Front 21

substantia nigra

Back 21

part of the “basal ganglia” that
shows a profound loss of neurons in Parkinson’s disease. Its neuromelanin pigmentation is a
byproduct of the synthesis of the catecholamine dopamine.

Front 22

Where is the red nucleus?

Back 22

rostral midbrain

Front 23

oldest cortex of the brain

Back 23

hippocampal formation

Front 24

parahippocampal gyrus functions (generally)

Back 24

memory processing along with hippocampal formation

Front 25

hippocampal formation consists of what?

Back 25

hippocampus and dentate gyrus

Front 26

where are medial and lateral geniculate bodies found?

Back 26

posterior/caudal thalamus

Front 27

Where does optic tract terminate?

Back 27

lateral geniculate body

Front 28

major thalamic relay nucleus in the auditory pathway

Back 28

medial geniculate body

Front 29

lies medial to the temporal (inferior) horn of
the lateral ventricle.

Back 29

hippocampal formation

Front 30

fimbria of the fornix begins from

Back 30

hippocampus.

Front 31

contains the inferior
colliculus, cerebral aqueduct, and midbrain tegmentum.

Back 31

caudal midbrain

Front 32

contain fibers that connect the
pons to the cerebellum

Back 32

cerebellar peduncles

Front 33

Where do optic radiations originate?

Back 33

originate in the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus

Front 34

Where do optic radiations terminate?

Back 34

medial aspect of the occipital
lobe (cuneus and lingual gyri) above and below the calcarine fissure. This is the primary visual cortex.

Front 35

midline portion of the
cerebellum

Back 35

vermis

Front 36

lateral portions of cerebellum

Back 36

hemispheres

Front 37

aggregations of gray matter buried within the cerebellar subcortical white
matter.These several nuclei contain neurons that give rise to all cerebellar efferents.

Back 37

deep cerebellar nuclei

Front 38

major relay for motor and sensory pathways to the cerebral cortex, and is
divided into numerous subnuclei.

Back 38

thalamus

Front 39

optic radiations are in the lateral walls of what?

Back 39

posterior horns of lateral ventricle

Front 40

corpora quadrigemina

Back 40

the two superior
colliculi and the two inferior colliculi.(tectum)

Front 41

ventral to the cerebral aqueduct, and gives rise to the
oculomotor nerves

Back 41

oculomotor nucleus

Front 42

Where CN III exits brainstem

Back 42

interpeduncular fossa, the depression between the cerebral peduncles

Front 43

contains the red nucleus and substantia
nigra

Back 43

midbrain tegmentum

Front 44

projects to the spinal cord and affects movement

Back 44

red nucleus

Front 45

principal source of dopamine in the brain.

Back 45

substantia nigra

Front 46

crossing
of a major fiber system which carry cerebellar efferents to the red nucleus and thalamus.

Back 46

decussation of superior cerebellar peduncles

Front 47

medial lemniscus

Back 47

flat major sensory tract (ascending to the thalamus) that delineates
the midbrain tegmentum from the basilar pons

Front 48

connects caudally with the rostral fourth ventricle of
the pons.

Back 48

cerebral aqueduct

Front 49

trochlear nerves exit the brainstem where?

Back 49

anterior medually velum

Front 50

principal source of norepinephrine in the brain.

Back 50

locus coeruleus

Front 51

form lateral walls of the 4th ventricle

Back 51

superior (more dorsal) and middle cerebellar peduncles

Front 52

descends through the pontine tegmentum to exit
the brainstem in the pontomedullary junction.

Back 52

pontomedullary junction

Front 53

major crossing the voluntary motor tracts is the basis
for the motor cortex on one side controlling movement on the opposite side of the spinal cord.

Back 53

pyramidal decussation

Front 54

what are ct scans measuring?

Back 54

density of tissue

Front 55

What are hyperdense structures and how do they appear on CT?

Back 55

Appear white.

Bone.

Front 56

What are hypodense structures and how do they appear on CT?

Back 56

Dark grey to black.

Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) - DARK GRAY
Fat tissue, air - BLACK

Front 57

What are isodense structures and how do they appear on CT?

Back 57

Appear grey.

Brain tissues.

Front 58

How is density in a CT measured?

Back 58

Hounsfield units (HU)

Front 59

What is a mass effect?

Back 59

anything that distorts normal brain anatomy

Front 60

T/F CT scans are the best way to dx early cerebral infarctions

Back 60

F. Cerebral infarctions: Usually cannot be detected by CT scans in the first 12 hours. Subsequent cell death and edema lead to hypodensity.

Front 61

CT with intravenous contrast:

Back 61

material injected is denser than brain and will therefore appear hyperdense (white). Example -- iodine

Front 62

What is CT myelography and what is it useful for?

Back 62

iodinated injected material delivered into CSF.
-allows visualization of impingements of spinal CSF space or nerve roots

Front 63

What determines what an MRI looks like?

Back 63

Density of protons in tissue
Proton relaxation state (T1 and T2)

Front 64

What's the easiest way to determine whether an MRI is T1 or T2 weighted?

Back 64

Look at the CSF.

In T1-weighted, CSF is DARK.
In T2-weight, CSF is LIGHT.

Front 65

In T1-weighted, CSF is

Back 65

DARK

Front 66

In T2-weighted, CSF is

Back 66

LIGHT.

Front 67

What type of MRI is most sensitive for pathologies?

Back 67

T2

Front 68

What is MRI with intravenous contrast?

Back 68

paramagnetic material is injected to enhance vasculature. Example -- gadolinium

Front 69

What does Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy measure?

Back 69

measures abundance of brain neurotransmitters or other biochemicals.

Front 70

What does diffusion tensor imaging measure?

Back 70

permits the sensitive assessment of white matter tracts.

Front 71

What is conventional neuroangiography?

Back 71

An invasive technique that delivers iodinated contrast material into the vasculature and detects it with X-rays

Front 72

What is interventional neuroangiography?

Back 72

Wada test: Injection of amobarbital instead of (or with) contrast material.

Front 73

What is MR angiography?

Back 73

A less invasive technique that takes advantage of changes in magnetic resonance signals that occur as a result of blood flow. Gadolinium may be used to enhance contrast.

Front 74

What is CT angiography?

Back 74

A rapid injection of iodinated contrast material is injected and CT scans are quickly obtained.

Front 75

in between pons and cerebellum

Back 75

4th ventricle