Sdr Part Ii Set

Front 1

How are hypothalamic glands/ hormones controlled and released?

Back 1

The anterior pituitary gland is controlled by releasing and inhibitory hormones secreted into the hypophyseal portal circulation; these hormones reach the anterior pituitary directly through this portal circulation without entering the general circulation. Under control of these factors, specific secretory cell types of the anterior pituitary secrete six major trophic hormones (TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, prolactin, and GH), which act on distal endocrine glands. Trophic hormones and the target gland hormones have feedback effects on these endocrine systems, designed to regulate blood levels of the target gland hormone. ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; GH, growth hormone; IGF, insulin-like growth factor; LH, luteinizing hormone; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone.

Front 2

What does prolectin do> How do levels of prolactin change at different stages?

Back 2

Prolactin is a 198 amino acid, single-chain polypeptide structurally related to growth hormone. It is secreted at low levels except in pregnant and lactating women, in whom the number of lactotrophs in the anterior pituitary is increased and plasma prolactin is elevated. The hormone's main actions are to stimulate breast development and milk production, as suggested by its name.

Hint 2

Prolactin synthesis and release by the anterior pituitary is mainly under tonic negative control by dopamine (prolactin inhibitory factor, PIF). Its major functions are in breast development, pregnancy, and lactation. Its levels are elevated during fetal development, pregnancy, and the postpartum period (if the woman is breastfeeding). TRH, thyrotropin-releasing hormone.

Front 3

Back 3

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Front 4

What is this nereve, and what does it look like in the female?

Back 4

Hint 4

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Back 5

Front 6

Back 6

Hint 6

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Back 7

Front 8

Back 8

Front 9

Back 9

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Front 10

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Front 11

Name the ONLY type of stem cell that is completely totipotent?

Back 11

A Single Sperm Fertilizes the Ovumstart with the ultimate stem cell Completely Totipotent

Hint 11

Alternative method of retrieving totipotent cells

-Based on a procedure used since the mid 1990’s called Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)

Front 12

Where do we find embryonic stem cells and how do they grow?

Back 12

In colonies

Hint 12

Front 13

Can ES cells become a baby?

Back 13

NOT with current technologies

To make ES cells, the Inner Cell Mass (ICM) of the blastocyst must be removed, leaving the embryo without the critical cells needed to continue developing
So, ES cells are considered Pluripotent not Totipotent

The controversy arises from how ES cells are obtained…by destroying the embryo

Front 14

What is the difference between an adult stem cell and an embryonic stem cell?

Back 14

Front 15

What can we do with ES cells?

Back 15

Hint 15

Front 16

How can we use embryonic stem cells to help maggie's mom? (Lou Gehrigs)

Back 16

Parkinson's disease is a disorder in which a specific protein, known as dopamine, is no longer produced in a particular area of the brain. Embryonic stem cells can be teased to produce dopamine and these dopamine-producing cells have been implanted into an animal model of Parkinson's disease with very promising results.

Furthermore, in Lou Gehrig's disease, motor nerve cells degenerate. Recently, embryonic stem cells have been coaxed to differentiate into motor neurons which can be hopefully used to treat this tragic, rapidly fatal, disorder.
Scientific challenges remain before embryonic stem cells can be used to treat patients. We have to learn how to efficiently direct their differentiation into specific cell types, such as pancreas and brain. We also have to discover how to deliver them efficiently for tissue repair. For example, if we hope to repair heart attacks, how do we get the stem cells to the specific site within the heart? Finally, the most exciting and socially contentious issue surrounding the use of embryonic stem cells involves research which will make stem cell-derived differentiated cells resist rejection, once implanted in patients.
The technique which promises to develop replacement cells which will not be rejected is correctly called nuclear transplantation or more commonly, therapeutic cloning. To understand nuclear transplantation, we must again return to the mechanisms of sexual reproduction. In sexual reproduction, the father and the mother each donate 23 chromosomes to the fertilized egg. Chromosomes contain the cells’ DNA which produces their proteins. Therefore, using embryonic stem cells derived from an individual other than the patient destined to receive them, would cause the transplanted cells to be rejected, in the absence of anti-rejection drugs. These drugs have serious side effects. One of the major potential advantages of nuclear transplantation is to produce cells that will not be rejected by the patient.

Front 17

What are some possible sources for ADULT stem cells?

Back 17

Bone marrow stem cells

Hematopoeitic
Stromal derived stem cells
Mesenchymal,
Multipotent Adult Progenitor Cells
(MAPCS)

Neural stem cells
Cardiac stem cells
Epidermal stem cells
Spermatogonial stem cells
Umbilical cord, placenta,
Stem cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous teeth (SHED)
Amniotic fluid derived stem cells

Front 18

Compare and contrast the ideal properties of stem cells. What can adult stem cells provide that embryonic cant?

Back 18

ADULT STEM CELLS ARE NOT TUMEROGENIC

Front 19

WTF this is CRAZY!?!?! whoa What is another way we can deliver this medicine?

transmyocardial injection

Back 19

Methods of cell delivery for cardiac implantation. A, intravenous administration; B, intracoronary infusion using a balloon catheter after restoration of arterial patency; C, transepicardial injection via thoracotomy into the border zone of the infarct; D, transendocardial approach using electromechanical voltage mapping to define tissue viability; and E, intravenous injection into the coronary veins via the coronary sinus, enabling cell delivery into myocardial areas subserved by occluded coronary vessels.

Hint 19

Front 20

iPS sounds awesome and all... but what are some potential problems?

Back 20

Hint 20

4 genes (Klf4, Oct4, c-Myc, and Sox2)
are capable of making fibroblasts behave like ES cells.

Front 21

How many cells do we consider a blastocyst?

Back 21

150 cells!!!!

If nuclear transplantation has such great potential to cure presently incurable diseases, why is it, and cloning research in general, so controversial? The major societal concern reflects the possibility that blastocysts produced by nuclear transplantation will be placed in a woman’s womb and, theoretically, produce a human cloned child.

Front 22

Describe two different theorires about how adult stem cells work...

Back 22

Theory 1: We can actually do this today to help cure diseases

Immunogenicity
Because this method uses donor derived stem cells, the recipient must take immuno-suppressants to prevent transplant rejection

Donor Availability
Bone marrow harvest is a painful procedure and donor matches are difficult to find

Hint 22

Theory 2
We haven’t been able to do this yet in people with high success, (BUT!! becoming less and less true) although preliminary studies are underway (using spermatogonia, mesenchymal stem cells, etc.)

Immunogenicity
Because this method uses patient derived cells, immunosuppressive therapy is not necessary

Availability
In theory, a small number of cells from a biopsy of the testis or the skin should yield enough cells for this procedure


pretty cool--> we can make beta cells to secret insulin from fat cells

cell cycle issue.

Front 23

What is the NUBMER 1 most common cause of mental retardation?

Back 23

ALCOHOL.
FAS

Front 24

Where do the lumbar sacral joints sit relevant to this?

Back 24

Front 25

Which two super important ligaments prevet our hips from tilting/ snapping?

Back 25

Front 26

WTF does water under the bridge mean?

Back 26

Hint 26

Ureters
The ureters enter the pelvic cavity from the abdomen by passing through the pelvic inlet. On each side, the ureter crosses the pelvic inlet and enters the pelvic cavity in the area anterior to the bifurcation of the common iliac artery. From this point, it continues along the pelvic wall and floor to join the base of the bladder.
In the pelvis, the ureter is crossed by:
the ductus deferens in men; and
the uterine artery in women.
Bladder
The bladder is the most anterior element of the pelvic viscera. Although it is entirely situated in the pelvic cavity when empty, it expands superiorly into the abdominal cavity when full.

Front 27

IF THERE IS ONE THING YOU REMEMBER FOR THE PRACTICAL.... WHAT IS THE LYMPH DRAINAGE OF THE VAJAYJAY?

Back 27

Hint 27

Front 28

Why are stem cells so friggin cool? How can they help someone with a cardiac infraction

Back 28

The stem cells prevent the infarct from growing any farther

Hint 28

BUT sadly, did not increase cardiac output... not imporved... but at least didnt have anymore more heart attacks?

Front 29

WHY IS THIS THE WAVE OF THE FUTURE?

Back 29

take any cell in your body... put these four genes in... from embryonic stem cells... put in mesynchamyl stem cells... and you got yoourself some embryonic like stem cells

Front 30

What is the difference between adult stem cell to an adultcell that can be embryonic cells?

Back 30

IS THERE STEM cell before it or is it just an ADULT cell.

Hint 30

germ line pleuripotent

but... from these iPS, we first need to figure out how to not make teratomas anymore.

Front 31

What haooens when you do this with adult stem cells..? Emryonic?

Which one can increase cardiac outpur?

Back 31

with ES cells-- IMPROVE cardiac output.. but can cause cancers.

with Adult... wont cause centers... but can beat on its own... "ventriculat escape"

Hint 31

5% chance of teratoma

Front 32

What is the power behind somatic cell nuclear transfer?

Back 32

blastocyst can become human being!!! AHHHHHH

Hint 32