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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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CPUs can only read... |
Machine Language |
(binary) |
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what are cpu commands known as? |
microcode |
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what cycle is used to execute machine language instructions |
fetch-execute cycle |
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what can the fetch execute cycle be split into? |
Instruction time and Execution time |
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What does instruction time involve? |
Fetching instructions from memory and decoding it |
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What does execution time involve? |
executing instruction and storing result |
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How is the pace of fetch execute cycle determined? |
By the system clock, each tick of the clock a part of the fetch execute cycle occurs |
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What is a register? |
temporary but fast storage area of the CPU |
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What does a computer counter hold? |
The address of the next instruction |
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What does the instruction register hold? |
Holds the machine instruction waiting to be executed |
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What does the accumulator do? |
stores data during and after processing |
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Fetch can be defined as: |
the instruction at the address in the memory is read into the instruction register |
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Decode can be defined as: |
control unit makes sense of the instruction. Directs other components to load required operands and appropriate registers |
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Execute can be defined as: |
instructions actually carry out. The ALU is used here (arithmetic logic unit) |
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What is an ALU |
arithmetic logic unit |
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Store can be defined as: |
the results are stored in general purpose registers. Further instructions is needed to move result to RAM |
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what are computer systems commonly grouped into? |
Hardware, Software, Data , Personnel , Procedures |
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What is Hardware? |
The physical components of the system. This includes input, output and processing. |
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What is Software? |
A set of instructions which direct hardware to solve a problem |
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what are the two main types of software? |
Applications and Operating system |
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What is data |
Raw information used during processing and transformed into usable output |
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What is personnel? |
the people involved |
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what is procedures |
sets of instructions on how to interact |
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How many generations of languages are there? |
5 |
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Which two languages are referred to as low leveled? |
Machine language and Assembler language |
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Why are the first two languages referred to being low? |
machine specific, difficult for humans to understand |
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Why are third and subsequent languages referred to as higher leveled languages? |
They are machine independent, more "english" like, easier for humans to understand |
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What is translation? |
Source code written into machine language as the CPU can only read machine language. |
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What are the three main methods of translation? |
incremental compilation, compilation and interpretation |
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What is compilation? |
Turning the entire source code into object code. this is usually turned into a .exe file. |
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what is interpretation? |
an interpreter (computer) translates source code line by line |
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What is incremental compilation? |
Individual modules of code, compiled and added to the main program |
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What is an assembler language? |
The first attempt at making programming languages more english like |
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How is assembler language more english like? |
through the use of mnemonic which represent different commands |
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How is assembly language translated into machine code? |
through assemblers which changes a program written in assembly language into machine language |
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what is declarative language? |
A classification of programming languages in which the language constructs represented relations. it focuses more on the output rather than the process of getting the output |
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What generation is declarative language apart of? |
fourth and subsequent languages |
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what is abstraction? |
the process of breaking down and separating a problem and solving it by its self (isolation) |
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what happens after the process of interpretation has occurred? |
The code is executed immediately and continues to run until there is an error or the application ends |
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what is a context diagram? |
used to show all the external inputs and outputs to and from a system |
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what is input into a process also know as? |
data |
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what is output of a process known as? |
information |
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What is a hierarchy chart? |
graphical methods used to represent top-down designs of a problem |
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What are some examples of simple data types? |
integer, boolean, floating point |
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What are the phases of the development cycle? |
Defining, Planning, Building, Checking, Modifying |
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What is Defining in the development cycle? |
Understanding the problem, identifying inputs and outputs |
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What is Planning in the development cycle? |
Abstract/Refinement, Data types and data structures, structured algorithms |
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What is Building in the Development cycle? |
Coding or implementing the solution in a programming language, error correction |
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What is Checking in the development cycle? |
Using test data, evaluating the solution |
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What is modifying in the Development cycle? |
Changing solution depending on new or changing requirements |
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What is the most common coding system for characters that use 1 bit? |
ASCII (American standard code for information interchange |
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What are whole numbers known as? |
Integers |
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what is meta language |
Used to describe syntax of programming languages |
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What are Railroad diagrams? |
railroad diagrams represent a context-free grammar. They represent a graphical alternative to Backus–Naur (EBNF) |
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What is EBNF |
Extended backs- naur form, a text base description |
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what type of structure is this? |
Sequence |
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what type of structure is this? |
Binary Selection for loop |
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what type of structure is this? |
Post-test , Do while loop |
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what type of structure is this? |
Pre-test, While loop |
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What is an algorithm? |
An algorithm consists of a set of explicit and unambiguous finite steps which, when carried out for a given set of initial conditions, produce the corresponding output and terminate in finite time. |
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What is iteration? |
Repetition |
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What are pre-test loops also known as? |
Guarded loops |
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What are post-test loops also known as? |
Un-Guarded loops |
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What is the pseudocode for binary selection? |
IF (question)THEN statement ELSE statement ENDIF |
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What is the pseudocode for a pre-test loop? |
WHILE (question) Statement ENDWHILE |
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What is the pseudocode for a Post-test loop? |
REPEAT Statement UNTIL (Question) |
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What is pseudocode? |
Pseudocode essentially is English with some defined rules of structure and some keywords that make it appear a bit like program code. |
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What are variables? |
Place holders for data |
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What is a stub? |
A small routine that takes place in a yet to be written subroutine. It allows testing of the calling routine |
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What is a Flag? |
A flag checks whether a section of code has been executed. |
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What are C.A.S.E tools |
CASE tools are computer aided software engineering. They aid in the designing and implementation of applications. |
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What are IPO charts? |
An IPO chart is a way to describe how information is processed. It shows the input data and the process that the data will undergo and the end result |
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What are comparison operators? |
Used in Logical statements to determine equality or difference between variables and values |
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What are logical operators? |
These are used to determine logic between variables and values |
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What does "&&" mean |
"and" |
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What does "||" mean? |
"or" |
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What does "!" mean? |
"not" |
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What is a record? |
A collection of fields. it has a fixed number and sequence |
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What is a field |
Referred to the columns or data categories that are used by entries/rows. The data in a field is unique to a particular record. |
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What is an array |
A data type which holds a fixed number of values of a single type. The length is fixed. It is used to store a collection of data. |
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What are the two software development approaches for prototyping? |
Concept and evolutionary |
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what is R.A.D |
Rapid application development |
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What is RAD aimed to do? |
create usable software in the shortest amount of time at minimal cost |
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What is an end user? |
Person developing the software solution is also the user, typical examples of this are spreadsheets (excel) and databases |
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What are Event Driven programs? |
Event driven programs execute in response to an action due to certain occurrences |
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What are Sequential Approach programs? |
Sequential programs have a start and end, it is a predetermined sequence. The user can not deviate from the order determined by the program |
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What is Lexical Analysis |
First step in translating, it examines each element of the source code to ensure it is part of the high level language. |
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What is Syntactical Analysis |
Checks the syntax of the source code is correct.` |
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What is Code Generation |
The last step finally changing the source code into machine language. |
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Advantages of Compilation? |
Difficult to change back into high level language Files can be executed repeatedly later without the services of the compiler |
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Advantages of Interpretation |
Easy to alter and copy |
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Disadvantages of Interpretation |
If commercial, code can easily be changed back into higher level language and stolen |
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Advantages of Incremental Compilation |
Code is able to be worked on by multiple people, can be tested throughout working on it , always up to date |
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Disadvantages of Incremental Compilation |
Large products can take a while to compile |
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What is concatenation? |
the joining of things eg strings |
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What is a boolean |
Something that can hold 1 of 2 values |
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What is encapsulation? |
Holds methods and properties |
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what is an object? |
A function |
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A method is something.. |
an object can do |
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an attribute is something... |
an object knows |
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A function calling itself is... |
Recursion |
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What is OOP? |
Object oriented programming |
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