Scull

Front 1

Function of the skull

Back 1

Protection for the brain

Organs of special senses (sight, smell, hearing, equilibrium, and taste).

Opening for the passages of air and food.

The jaws to provide the teeth for mastication

Front 2

Cranial bones

Back 2

Which form cranial cavity and enclosed the brain.

Occipital, interparietal, basisphenoid, presphenoid, pterygoid, temporal, parietal, frontal, ethmoid, and vomer.

Front 3

Facial bones

Back 3

The bones of the part of the orbit, nose, and face are included within facial bones.

Nasal, maxilla, lacrimal, incisive, palatine, zygomatic, ventral nasal conchae, mandible, and hyoid bone.

Front 4

paired bones

Back 4

All bones of the skull are paired except occipital, vomer, hyoid, mandible and sphenoid

Front 5

scull diagram

Back 5

Front 6

scull cavities

Back 6

Front 7

Face diagram

Back 7

Front 8

dog scull diagram

Back 8

Front 9

Cavities of the skull

Back 9

Cranial cavity

Orbital cavity
Nasal cavity, and,
Oral cavity

Front 10

Cranial Cavity

Back 10

Dorsal wall (roof): Frontal, Parietal, and Interparietal.

Ventral wall (floor): Basioccipital and basisphenoid.
Lateral wall : Temporal bone.
Caudal wall: Part of the occipital bone.
Cranial wall: Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone.

Front 11

Orbital Cavity

Back 11

Dorsal wall: Part of the frontal bone.

Ventral wall : It is incomplete and formed by part of the zygomatic bone.
Medial wall: Part of the frontal, occipital and wing of the presphenoid.
Lateral wall: Zygomatic bone.
Cranial wall: Part of the zygomatic and lacrimal.

Front 12

Nasal Cavity

Back 12

Dorsally: Nasal bone

Ventrally: Palatine bone.
Medially: There is a septum which divides the nasal cavity into two similar halves.

Laterally: By maxilla and part of the incisive bone.
Caudal: Cribriform plate of the Ethmoid bone. However, it is Almost open for respiration.

Front 13

Oral Cavity

Back 13

Dorsally: Palatine process:

Ventrally : No bony boundary, Instead there are tongue and Muscles.
Laterally: Cheek teeth.
Canially: Incissor teeth
Caudally: Communicate with the
Pharynx.

Front 14

Paranasal sinuses

Back 14

These are the cavities in the bones of the skull, lined by mucous membrane and communicate with the exterior. Paranasal sinuses develop as an outgrowth of the nasal cavity and hence they all directly or indirectly drain into the nasal cavity.

e.g.
Frontal sinus
Maxillary sinus
Palatine sinus
Sphenoid, and Lacrimal sinus

Front 15

Frontal Sinus Ox

Back 15

Frontal sinus of ox is wide located under

The Frontal bone. It has many chambers.
Important diverticula are:
Postorbital diverticulum
Nuchal divertulum, and
Cornual diverticulum

Front 16

Frontal sinus Horse

Back 16

Frontal sinus are not extensive in horse. They are divided into two parts. They have no diverticula as found in ox. The frontal sinuses are communicated with the maxillary sinus by fronto-maxillary opening.

Front 17

Maxillary Sinus of Ox

Back 17

Maxillary sinus of ox is a single cavity located under the maxillary and lacrimal bone and have no communication with the frontal sinus.

Front 18

Maxillary Sinus of Horse

Back 18

Maxillary sinus of horse have two

chambers viz, Cranial and caudal
chamber. The caudal Chamber
communicates with the frontal sinus
By fronto-maxillary opening.

Front 19

Foramina of the Skull and Their Contents

Back 19

Foramen magnum - Medulla oblongata and its coverings, Vertebral arteries, Cranial and caudal spinal arteries.
Jugular foramen - IX, X, XI cranial nerves.
Ethmoid foramen - Ethmoid n. and vessels.
Optic foramen - II (optic) cranial nerve
Maxillary foramen - Infraorbital n. and vessels
Supraorbital foramen - Supraorbital a. and v
Infraorbital foramen - Infraorbital n. and a.
Incisive foramen/canal - Palatine a. & n
Lacrimal foramen/canal - Nasolacrimal duct

Front 20

Foramina diagram equine

Back 20

Front 21

Foramina diagram bovine

Back 21

Front 22

Tooth diagram

Back 22

Front 23

Formula of Teeth

Back 23

Horse: 2x(In 3/3,C1/1,PM3/4,M3/3)=42

Ox: 2x(In 0/3,C 0/1, PM 3/3, M 3/3)= 32

Sheep/Goat: Like ox.

Dog: 2X(In 3/3, C1/1, PM 4/4, M2/3)=42

Chicken: No teeth, instead they have horny papillae on oral cavity.

Front 24

Joints of the Skull

Back 24

Fibrous joints: The segments are united by fibrous tissue and the joints are immovable.

(a) Suture:
Sutura serrata: With interlocking margins,e.g. Interfrontal suture, Frontolacrimal suture etc.
Sutura squamosa: the joints between squamous part of the temporal and perietal bone.
Sutural plana:When the edge of the joint is plane,e.g Internasal bone of the skull.
(b) Gomphosis: Implantation of the teeth in the alveoli.

Front 25

Cartilaginous joint

Back 25

Cartilaginous joint: When the uniting media of the joints are made up of hyaline cartilage. E.g. Intermandibular joint.

Front 26

Synovial joint

Back 26

Synovial joint or true joint: when a joint cavity, with membrane and joint capsules are present in a joint for its movement, this joint is called true or synovial joint, e.g Temporo-mandibular articulation

Front 27

Synovial joint diagram

Back 27

Front 28

Muscles of the Head Region

Back 28

1. Levator nasolabialis: To raise the maxillary lip and dorso-lateral part of the nostril.
2. Levator labii maxillaris: To elevate the muzzle and maxillary lip.
3. Caninus: Pull nostril caudally.
4. Depressor labii maxillaris: Depressed the maxillary lip and ventro-lateral portion of the nostril.
5. Zygomaticus: To retract the angle of the lip.
6. Buccinator: Assist in mastication.
7. Mylohyoideus: Raise the tongue.
8. Masseter: mastication.
9. Orbicularis oris: To close the lip.
10. Orbicularis oculi: To close the eye lid