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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
selective breeding
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the breeding of organisms that have a certain desired trait
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natural selection
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the process by which organisms with favorable traits survive and reproduce at a highter rate than organisms without the favorable trait
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mutation
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a change in the order of the bases in a organism's DNA; deletion, insertion, or substitution
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generation time
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the period betweent eh birth of one generationand the birth of the next generation
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speciation
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th eprocess by which 2 populations of the smae species become so different that they can no longer interbreed
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geologic time scale
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the division of Earth's history into distinct intervals of time
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extinct
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describes a species of organism that has died out completely
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plate tectonics
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the study of the forces that drive the movement of pieces of Earth's crust around the surface of the planet
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relative dating
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determining whether an event or object, such as a fossil, is older or younger than other events or objects
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Life Science
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The study of living things
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Scintific Method
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A series of steps that scientists use to awnser questions and solve problems
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Hypothesis
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A possible explanation or awnser to a question
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Controlled Experemint
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An experiment tht tests only one factor at a time
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Variable
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A factor in a controlled experiment that changes
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Theory
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A unifying explanation for a broad range of hypothesis and observations that have been supported by experimentations
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technology
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The application of knoledge, tools, and materials to solve problems and accomplish tasks; technology can also be reffered to the objects to accomplish tasks
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Compound Light Microscope
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A microscope that consists of a tube with lenses, a stage, and a light source
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Electon Microscope
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A microscope that uses tiny particles of matter to produce magnified images
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Area
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The measure of how much surface an object has
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Volume
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the amount of space that something occupies
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Mass
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The amount of matter that something is made of;its value does not change with the objects location
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temperature
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the measure of hot or cold something is
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Cell
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a membrane covered structure that contains all the materials necessary for life
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stimulus
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anything that effects the activity of the organism, organ or tissue
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homeostasis
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the maintenance of a stable internal environment
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asexual reproduction
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reproduction in which a single parent produces offsprings that are genetically identical to the parent
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sexual reproduction
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reproduction in which two sex cell join together to form a zygote
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DNA
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heredity material that controls all the events of the cell
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Heredity
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the passing of traits from parents to offsprings
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metabolism
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the combined chemical proccess that occur in a cell or a living organism
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sex cells
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an egg or sperm; a sex cell carries half the number of chromosomes found in other body cells
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producer
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organisms that make their own food
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consumer
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an organism that eats producers or other consumers
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decomposer
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an organism that breaks down the remains of dead organisms
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protein
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large molecules made of sub units made of aminoacids
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carbohydrate
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compounds made of sugars
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lipid
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compound that cannot mix with water
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phospholipids
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molecule that form most of the cell membrane
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nucleic acid
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compound made of sub units called nucleotides
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ATP
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fuel used for cell activity that require energy
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meiosis
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cell division that produces sex cells
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sex chromosomes
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the chromosomes that carry genes that determine the sex of offspring
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adaptation
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a characteristic that helps and organism survive in its environment
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Tissue
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a group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific job in the body
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organ
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a combination of one or more tissues that work together to perform a specific function
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organ system
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a group of organs that work together to perform body functions
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organism
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anything that can independently carry out life proccess
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unicellular
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made of a single cell
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multicellular
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made of many cells
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population
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a group of individuals of the same species that live together in the same area at the same time
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community
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all the populations of different species that live and interact in the same area
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ecosystem
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a community of organisms and their nonliving environment
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cell membrane
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a phospholipid layer that covers a cell's surface and acts as a barrier between the inside of the cell and the cell's environment
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organelles
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a structure within a cell, sometimes surrounded by a cell membrane
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cytoplasm
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cellular fluid surrounding a cells organells
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species
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the most specific of the seven levels of classififcation; characterized by a group of organisms that can mate one another to produce fertile offsprings
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nucleus
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the membrane-covered organelle found in eukaryotic cells; contains the cell's DNA and serves as a control center for the cell
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prokaryotic
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a cell that does not have a nuclesu or any other membrane-covered organelles; also called a bacterium
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eukaryotic
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a cell that contains a central nucleus and a complicated internal structure
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bacteria
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extremely small, single-celled organisms without a nucleus; prokaryotic cells
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cell wall
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a structure that surrounds the cell membrane of some cells and provides strength and support to the cell membrane
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ribosomes
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a small organelle in cells where proteins are made from amino acids
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endoplasmic reticulum
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a membrane-covered cell organelle that produces lipids, breaks down drugs and other substances, and packages proteins for delivery out of the cell
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mitochondria
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cell organelles surrounded by two membranes that break down food molecules to make ATP
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chloroplast
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an organelle found in plant and algae cells where photsynthesis occurs
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Golgi complex
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the cell organelle that modifies, packages, and transports materials out of the cell
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vesicle
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a membrane-covered compartment in a eukaryotic cell that forms when part of the cell membrane surounds an object and pinches off
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vacuole
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a large membrane-covered structure found in plant cells that serves as a storage container for water and other liquids
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lysosomes
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a special vesicle in a cell that digests food particles, wastes, and foreign invaders
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diffusion
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the movement of particles from an area where their concentration is high to an area where their concentration is low
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osmosis
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the diffusion of water across a cell membrane
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passive transport
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the diffusion of particles through proteins in the cell membrane from areas where the concentration of particles is high to areas where the concentration of particles is low
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passive transport
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the diffusion of particles through proteins in the cell membrane from areas where the concentration of particles is high to areas where the concentration of particles is low
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active transport
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the movement of particles through proteins in the cell membrane against the direction of diffusion; requires cells to use energy
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endocytosis
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the process in which a cell membrane surrounds a particle and encloses it in a vesicle to bring it into the cell
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evolution
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the process by which populations accumulate inherited changes over time
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fossils
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the solidified remains or imprints of a once-living organism
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fossil record
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a historical sequesnce of life indicated by fossils bound in layers of the Earth's crust
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vestigial organ
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an organ that doesn't work anymore but might have been useful to an ancestor
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traits
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a distinguishing quality that can be passed from one generation to another
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cytokinesis
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the process in which cytoplasm divides after mitosis
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heredity
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the passing of traits from parent to offspring
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dominant trait
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the trait observed when at least one dominant allele for a characteristic is inherited
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recessive trait
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a trait that is apparent only when two recessive alleles for the same characteristic are inherited
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genes
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segments of DNA that carry hereditary instructions and are passed from parent ot offspring; located on chromosomes
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alleles
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different forms of a single gene
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genotype
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the inherited combination of alleles
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phenotype
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an organism's inherited appearance
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probability
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the mathematical chance that an event will occur
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chromosome
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a coiled structure of DNA and protein that forms in the cell nucleus during cell division
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binary fission
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the simple cell division in which one cell splits into two; used by bacteria
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homologous chromosomes
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chromosomes with matching information
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exocytosis
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the process used to remove large particles from a cell; during exocytosis, a vesicle containing the particles fuses with the cell membrane
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photosynthesis
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the process by which plants capture light energy from the sun and convert it into sugar
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cellular respiration
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the process of producing ATP in the cell form oxygen and glucose; releases carbon dioxide and water
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fermentation
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the breakdown of sugars to make ATP in the absence of oxygen
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cell cycle
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the life cycle of a cell;in eukaryotes it consists of chromosome duplication, mitosis, and cytokinesis
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chromatids
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idntical chromosome copies
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centromere
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the region that holds chromatids together when a chromosome is duplicated
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mitosis
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nuclear division in eukaryotic cells in which each cell receives a copy of the original chromosomes
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