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201 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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molecue
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two or more atoms chemically bonded together
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o2 HCL Li2F C6H11O12
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circle molecules
O2 HCL Na Li2F CL C6H11O12 |
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molecules
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can be elements or compounds
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element
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substance that cannot be broken down into other substances
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compound
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two or more elements chemically combinged together
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chemical bond
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formed to help each atom become stable
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chemical bond
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the attractive force that holds atoms or ions together
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noble gases
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the only elements that do not bond to be stable
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structural formula
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include letter and lines to show bonds
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ball and stick model
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use balls and sticks to represent bonds
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space filling model
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uses circles that are stuck together
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valence electrons
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bonding requires the use of blank
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outermost
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valence electrons are found in the blank energy level
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bond and react
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atoms blank and blank to achieve full outermost levels
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group
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the number of valence electrons is given by the blank number
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chemical
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valence electrons determine blank properties which is why family members react the same way
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bonding
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always involves valence electrons
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ions
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some atoms become blank to become stable
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gain or lose
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to become an ion an atom will blank or blank valence electrons
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lose cation
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metals tend to blank electrons, end must give them to another atom (blank)
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gain anion
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nonmetals tend to blank electrons and must take electrons from another atom (blank)
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electrostatic force
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the blank is an attraction between positive and negative charges
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oppositely ions
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an ionic bond is a bond that is formed between blank charged blank
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i
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i/c bonds formed between metals and nonmetals
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i
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i/c are extremely strong
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i
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i/c rigid
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i
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i/c have high melting points
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compounds made ionically
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are crystalline
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compounds made ionically
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dissolve in water
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compounds made ionically
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are brittle and break easily
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compounds made ionically
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conduct electricity when melted or dissolved
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compounds made ionically
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tend to be insulators
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octet rule
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a full outer level is 8 valence electrons this is called
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h he
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only have 2 valence electrons to be stable
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subscripts
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these numbers are determined by the bonding between atoms
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ionic compounds
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which combounds do not make molecules
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formula units
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ionic compounds when formed create what we call blank not molecules
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network solids
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ionic compounds form blank
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network solid
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the smallest part of blank would be the formula unit of that compound
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ions bond together opposite charges attract all the positives get surrounded by negatives
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what happens in a network solid to explain why it isn't a molecule
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you don't know which atoms go with which other specific atom
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in a network solid why do the atoms not form molecules
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you don't know which atoms go with which atoms so all the atoms are bonded together so it is really strong
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why do ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points
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maintain ration
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what happens to ionic compounds if they are separated at any point and this explains why they are brittle
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covalent bonds
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when it is impossible to gain electrons from other atoms what are nonmetals able to do to bond and become stable
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two specific atoms are joined
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why are covalent bonds considered molecules
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two nonmetals share electrons
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what is the criteria for a bond to be covalent
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single covalent bond
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sharing of 2 valence electrons
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double covalent bond
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when atoms share two pairs or 4 electrons
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triple covalent bond
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when atoms share three pairs or 6 valence electrons
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c
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i/c formed when two nonmetals share electrons
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c
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i/c have low melting points
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it is easy for one atom to take back and separate from another atom
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why do covalent bonds have low melting points
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c
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i/c can be solid liquid or gas at room temperature
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c
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i/c do not conduct electricity
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covalent bond
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requires the sharing of electrons
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ionic
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requires the transferring of electrons
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ionic
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the type of bond in MgO2
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covalent
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the type of bond in HCl
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ionic
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conducts when dissolved in water
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ionic
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forms strong bonds
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covalent
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forms weak bonds
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covalent
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has low melting point
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ionic
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has high melting points
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ionic
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formed with one metal and one nonmetal
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covalent
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formed with two nonmetals
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ionic
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forms crystalline/ network structures
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ionic
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formed when opposite charges attract
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c
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does not conduct electricity
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ionic
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forms brittle compounds
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mg2+
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what is the charge of magnesium when it becomes an ion
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hydrogen and helium
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what two elements want 2 valence electrons instead of 8
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appearance substance
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a physical chang changes the blank but not the blank
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new substance
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a chemical chang makes a blank
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produce gas, forms precipitate, changes color, gains or produces energy heat or light, changes properties
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5 indicators of chemical change
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created or destroyed
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because of the law of conservation of mass we know that in any chemical change mass is never blank or blank
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equation
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we use a chemical blank to represent a reaction
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reactants
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the materials that are used in teh beginning of the reaction are called blank and undergo the chemical change
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products
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the materials that are produced in the end of the reaction are called blank and are the new substances in the chemical change
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synthesis
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reaction when at least 2 substances combine to form a new compound that will have different physical and chemcial properties
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synthesis
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a+b arrow ab
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one product and a combining of reactants
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what to look for in synthesis
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decomposition
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when one compound breads down into two or more products that will have new physical and chemical properties
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decomposition
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ab arrow a+b
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one reactant two or more products
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what to look for with decomposition
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combusiton
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a reaction involving the reacting of a compound with oxygen
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combustion
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CH4+ 2O2 arrow CO2 + 2H2O
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oxygen as a reactant and water as a product sometimes with carbond dioxide
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what to look for in combustion
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single displacement
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when atoms of one element takes the place of another element in a compound
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metals nonmetals
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in single displacement, metals displace blank and nonmetals displace blank
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single displacement
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ax+b arrow bx+a
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one element and one compound where the element kicks the another out of a compound or a single element and a compound as a reactant and a new single lement and a compound as a product
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what to look for in single displacement
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double displacement
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when elements between two compounds change places
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double displacement
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ax+by arrow ay+bx
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two elements that switch places in compounds
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what to look for in double displacement
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decomposition
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compounds break down
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synthesis
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compounds are formed
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double displacement
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NaS+ ZnNO3 arrow NaNO3 + ZnS
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synthesis
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Li+N2 arrow Li3N
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decomposition
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KClO arrow KCl+O2
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combustion
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CH4+O2 arrow H2O+CO2
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single displacement
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Mg+AgNO3 arrow Mg(NO3)2+Ag
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endothermic
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reactions get cold, meaning they absorb heat
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exothermic
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reactions get hot meaning they release heat
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energy
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when chemical bonds break or form they release or absorb blank
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chemical bonds
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when blank break or form they release or absorb energy
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law of conservation of mass
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why do we balance equations
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there are that many moleculse of the element ex there are 3 molecules of H
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what does the number before one or more elements mean ex 3H
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energy
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chemical reactions always involve changes in blank
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added
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in order for many reactions to happen, energy must be blanked to start the reaction
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absorbed
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energy must be added/blanked to break bonds
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heat light sound or electricity
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in order for a bond to bread, energy can be added as
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releases
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forming bonds blanks energy as heat light sound or electricity
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conserved
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energy is always blanked
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energy of surroundings
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energy of reactants= energy of products + blank
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surrounding
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if the reactants or products do not have equal energies, the blank must have gained or lost energy
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chemical energy
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energy stored in chemical bonds
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exothermic reaction heat
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the products store less enrgy than the reactants and excess energy must be given off as blank in this type of reaction
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exothermic reaction
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a chemical reaction in which energy is released to the surroundings as heat
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endothermic reaction absorb
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the products store more energy than the reactants so the reaction needs to blank energy from the surroundings to create new bonds
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endothermic reaction
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a chemical reaction in which energy is added or absorbed from the surroundings
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energy
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chemical reactions always involve changes in blank
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bonds have to break
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in order for something to react, waht has to happen
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less
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in all exothermic reactions, the products have blank energy than the reactants
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endothermic reaction
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a chemical reaction in which more energy is needed to break the bonds in the reactants than is given off by forming bonds in the products
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exothermic reaction
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a chemical reaction in which energy is released to surroundings as heat and the released energy comes from the chemical energy of the reactants
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heat
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sometimes endothermic reactions need more energy than they can get from surroundings so energy is added as blank to cause reaction
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endothermic
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photosynthesis is an example of what type of reaction
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element
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a substance that can't be broken down into other substances
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compound
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2 or more elements chemically bonded together
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chemcial bond
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the attractive force taht holds atoms or ions together
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valence electron
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an electron that is found in the outermost shell of an atom and that determines the atom's chemical properties
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ionic bond
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the attractive force between oppositely charged ions, which formwhen electrons are transferred from one atom to another
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covalent bond
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a bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
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precipitate
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a solid is formed by two liquids
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physical change
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a change of matter from one form to another without a change in chemical properties
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chemical change
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a change that occurs when one or more substances chang into entirely new substances with different properties
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chemical equation
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a representation of a chemcial reaction that uses symbols to show the relationship between the reactants and the products
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reactant
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a asubstance or molecule that participates in a chemical reaction
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product
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a substance that forms in a chemcial reaction
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conservation of mass
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mass can't be crated or destroyed
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conservation of energy
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enery can'tbe created or destroyed
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chemcial energy
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the energy released when a chemical compound reacts to produce new compouds
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to become stable
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why do atoms bond
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structural formula, balland stick, space filling
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what are the three models to represent bonded atoms
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valence
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what name do we give to electrons involved in bonding
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by the group number
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how do you determine valence electrons for an atom
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chemical properties
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what do valence electrons determine for an atom
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metals lose and nonmetals gain so electrons can be transferred
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why do ionic bonds always contain one metal and one nonmetal
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transferre
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what happens to the electrons involved in an ionic bond
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formula unit
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instead of forming molecules, ionic compounds create blank
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network solids high strong brittle
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because ionic compounds do not form molecules they form crystalline structures alson known as blank which makes them have blank melting points, very blank, and blank
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melted dissolved
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when are ionic compounds conductive of electricity
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shared
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what happens to the electron in a covalnet bond
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hydrogen and helium
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what two elements do not want a total of 8 valence electrons
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nonmetals
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what types of materials are involved a covalent bond
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molecules low solids conduct
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covalent bonding creates actual blank, which give covalnet compounds blank melting points, help them exist as blank, liquids, and gases at room temperature and do not allow them to blank electricity
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2 1
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a single bond is formed when two atoms share blank electrons or blank pair
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2
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a double bond is formed when two atoms share blank pairs of electrons
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take the charge of the atoms and make it the subscript of the other atom
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explain the cris cross method for fingding the formula of an ionic bond
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one product combined reactants
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indicatiors of synthesis
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one reactant two or more products
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indicatiors of decomposition
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o2 as a reactant and h2o as a product
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indicators for combustion
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an element and compound make a different element and compound one kicks another out of compound
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indicators for single displacement
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2 compounds make 2 different compounds
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indicators of double displacement
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law of conservation of mass
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why do we balance equations
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endothermic
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in which type of reaction do the products have more energy than the ractants
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exothermic
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in which type of reaction do the reactants have more energy than the products
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a nail rusts wood burns a banana ripens
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which are examples of a chemical change
a nail rusts, ice melts, wood burns , a banana ripens, and sugar dissolves |
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number of valence electrons
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what determines the chemcial properties of a substance
bonding type size of atom number of valence electrons number of protons |
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the space filling model
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the model that does not represent a bond with a line or material is called
the structrural model the space filling model the ball and stick model the structural formula |
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an outermost energy level that is full of electrons
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often atoms bond so that each atom will have
an even number of electrons an outermost energy level that is full of electrons an equal number of protons and electrons more electrons than either protons or neutrons |
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ionic transferring
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calcium has two electrons in its outer shell and oxygen has six electrons in its outer shell the atoms will form a blank bond by blank electrons
covalent transferring covalent sharing ionic transferring ionic sharing |
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positive ion
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when an atom loses an electron it becomes a
positive ion negative ion neutral ion neutral atom |
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salt nacl
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which compound is formed from a tight network of oppositely charged ions
sugar c12h22o11 quartz sio2 water h2o salt nacl |
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covalent bonds
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in which type of bond do atoms share electrons
covalent bonds ionic bonds both a and b starfish bonds |
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weaker than
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the attraction between molecules tends to be blank the attraction between ions
weaker than stronger than equal to none |
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k2o
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the chemical formula for an ionic compuund of potassium and oxygen is
ko k2o k2o2 ko2 |
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contain charged ions that form network solids
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solid ionic compounds have very high melting points because they
are positively charged contain metallic elements are made of elemenets that are solid at room temperature contain charged ions that form network solids |
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as a liquid
when dissolved in water |
bubble in all foms in which an ionic compound can conduct electricity
as a solid as a liquid when dissolved in water when warmed slightly |
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low melting points
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which is a property shared by most covalent compounds
strong brittle bonds conducts electricity low melting points starfish like them |
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two pairs of electrons shared between two atoms
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what is a double bond
a bond between two atoms one pair of electrons shared between two atoms two pairs of electrons hsared between two atoms two pairs of electrons shared between four atoms |
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atoms are rearranged
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what happens in all chemical reactions
atoms are destroyed atoms are created atoms are heated and cooled atoms are rearranged |
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decomposition reaction
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a bottle of hydrogen peroxide that eventually turns into a bottle of water and oxygen has is an example of a
synthesis reaction decomposition replacement reaction precipiitate reaction |
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mgo
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a synthesis reaction between magnesium(mg) and oxygen(o2) might produce
mg2 o4 mgco2 mgo |
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helium
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which element has a full outermost energy level containing only two electrons
oxygen hydrogen fluorine helium |
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ionic
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if the name of a compound contains the name of a metal and a nonmetal the compound is probable
ionic covalent metallic nonmetallic |
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atoms
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which of the following are the products and reactants of a chemical reaction most likely to have in common
atoms molecules physical properties chemical properties |
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product
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a substance that is formed in a chemcial reaction is called a
compound reactant starfish product |
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the material dissolves
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which of these is not a sign of a chemical reaction
a gas is given off the material dissolves heat is released a precipitate is formed |
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chemical equation
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a shorter easier way to show chemical reactions using symbols instead of words is called a
chemical equation chemcial formula symbol subscript |
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24
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how many atoms of oxygen are there in 2al2(so4)3
4 12 14 24 |
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covalent
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h2o
ionic covalent both neither |
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ionic
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ca(so4)2
ionic covalent both neither |
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both
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uses valence electrons
ionic covalen both neither |
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neither
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involves metals only
ionic covalent both neither |
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ionic
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involves metals and nonmetals
ionic covalent both neither |
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stored in the form of chemical bonds
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chemical energy is energy that is
added to a reaction in the form of heat stored in the form of chemical bonds caused by the movement of electricity released only when oxygen is present |
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energy
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every chemical reaction involves a change in
mass energy concentration state |
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exothermic
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a type of reaction that changes excess chemical energy into heat energy for the environment is
endothermic exothermic covalent monpolar |
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photosynthesis by a plant
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an example of an endothermic reaction is
bioluminescence by a firefly an exploding firechracker burning gasoline photosynthesis by a plant |
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endothermic
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a reaction in which the products contain more chemcial energy than the reactants is
exothermic electrical endothermic starfish |
