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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
explain the two categories of matter, and the two sub categories for each
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Mater: mixtures + pure substances
mixtures: mechanical mixtures+solutions pure substances: elements + compunds |
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State the particle Theory of matter
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1. all matter is made of particles
2. are particles of a pure substance are the same 3. particles attract each other 4. particles always in motion 5. particles move faster when hot then cold on average |
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define: pure substance
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matter than contains only one type of particle
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define: mixture
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matter that contains more than one type of particle
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define: element
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a pure substance that cannot be broken down any further- it is in its simplest form
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define: compound
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pure substance made of more than one element that has been chemically combined, and can only be broken down into its elements through chemical methods
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anything that is made of more than one type of particle is a __________
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mixture
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if components of a mixture have been physically combined, they can be seperated using __________ methods
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physical
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list and explain the three ways to separate mixtures
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1. filter: separates solids from liquid or gasses ex. coffee grounds from coffee+hot water
2. distillation: separates liquids based on boiling point ex. substance with higher boiling point will rise and evaporate, then condense and flow down a tube to be collected on other side 3. magnet: attracts iron+steel objects ex. machines with huge magnets attract certain objects from piles of scrap metal |
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list the pro and con of industrial production, fertilizer/ pesticide use, and consumer products
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industrial production: pro- produces energy + materials, con- pollutants released into atmosphere + water ways
fertilizer/ pesticide use: pro-improves crop yields, con- accumulates toxic chemicals in soil and food products consumer products: pro- increases variation of available products, con- directs exposure of toxic chemicals to humans. |
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list the positive and negative effect using elements and compunds
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pos. : makes lives healthier and safer, lets us accomplish more
neg. : toxic chemicals used or produced in manufacture or isolation of certain elements and compounds can be released into the environment. Once in environment, they can accumulate or react with other substances and result in harmful byproducts. |
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Briefly describe the story of Canada's Chemical Valley + bucket brigade
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-city of Sarnia + Aamjiwnaang first nation lie of south shore of lake huron
-borederd by one of most industrialized areas of Canada, called "chemical valley" because of large number of chemical plants -the industry increased the income of residents, but caused many health issues to residents from pollution -ex. higher rates of heart disease, breathing related illnesses, higher cancer rates than provincial level -b/c of all this, bucket brigade started -how it works: air samples were trapped in airtight bags in buckets then sent to laboratory for analysis, these bags can detect 90 toxic gases |
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define: physical property
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characteristics of a substance that can be observed and measured without changing the identity of the substance
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define: qualitative physical properties
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characteristics that can be observed and described without detailed measurment
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define: quantitative physical properties
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characteristics that can be measured and assigned particular values. Often distinctive/unique values to particular elements or compounds
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What are the 6 qualitative observational properties?
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Colour
Odour State Texture Lustre(shiny/dull) Malleability(soft/pliable/hard) |
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What are the 7 quantitative observational properties?
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Viscosity
Melting point Boiling point Solubility Hardness Conductivity Density |
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define: melting point
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physical property when solid becomes a liquid
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define: boiling point
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physical property when solid becomes a gas
boiling point of water:100ºC helium:-269ºC Solid carbon dioxide=dry ice, its what makes stages appear foggy #sublimation |
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define+ explain: solubility/insolubility
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-maximum quantity of substance (solute) can be dissolved into a liquid (solvent) at a particular temperature + pressure.
-It is described as a concentrate -units= mass of solute/ mass or volume of solvent -salt has a high solubility of 39.5g/100mL at 25ºC under atmospheric pressure -insolubility= substance which does not dissolve in solvent ex. copper+iron are insoluble in water -the more solute you can add to a solvent, the higher the solubility |
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explain: aqueous solution
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-solution where solvent is water
-blood serum=liquid that blood cells are suspended in -other vital chemicals are dissolved in aqueous solution+ transported throughout the body |
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explain why solubility in fat is an important property of some chemicals
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DDT is soluble in fat, so it bioaccumulates than biomagnifies at each trophic level. If it was soluble in water, then animals would excrete or urinate it out.
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define + explain: hardness
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phys. property that refers to the ability of a substance to be scratched. hard substances can scratch softer substances, but softer substances cannot scratch harder substances.
Hardness is ranked from 1-10 on the Mohs scale, 1 being chalk/talk, 2 being a fingernail, 10 being a diamond |
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define + explain: conductivity
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-ability of a substance to conduct electricity ex. electrical wires are made out of copper b/c it has a high level of electrical conductivity.
-aluminum pans have plastic handles, because aluminum has a high thermal conductivity level, while plastic has a very low level of electrical and thermal conductivity |
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define + explain: density
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D=m/v units is g/mL or g/cm3
a liquid with a lower density will float above a liquid with a higher density, only if the liquid is insoluble in the second liquid. |
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define + explain: chemical property
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ability of a substance to react with another substance to form one or more new substances
ex. chemical property of one substance are exhibited during a chemical reaction (transformation of one substance to one or more new substances) |
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define + explain: combustability
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chemical property, the ability of an element or compound to burn in air
ex. propane has the chem. property of being combustible. propane+air=large amounts of heat |
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define + explain: stability
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ability of a substance to remain unchanged/ not break down. The more stable a substance the longer it takes for it to break down.
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what are the unique properties of water?
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1. its solid state is less dense than its liquid state
2. has a very high heat capacity 3. can dissolve numerous essential chemicals and nutrients |
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define + explain: Toxicity
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the harm that the exposure of that substance can cause to animals and plants. All chemicals are poisonous at high concentrations even oxygen. Too much oxygen can kill you!
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__________ ___________ in hair dye reacts with __________ in hair by changing it into a colourless compound. This chemical can be hazardous to humans.
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hydrogen peroxide, melanin
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Provide 4 examples of reactivities
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1. Reactivity with water- calcium carbide= compound that reacts with water to generate acetylene gas. The gas is combustible which makes it generate light. was used and still is used by miners.
2. reactivity with oxygen- aluminum metal is very reactive with oxygen, the reaction creates a layer of aluminum dioxide that prevents corrosion due to weathering, and constantly being exposed to the elements 3. Reactivity with acid- baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) is used in recipes because it reacts with acids to create carbon dioxide gas, the gas bubbles that form help to make dough/batter rise 4. Reactivity with another pure substance- knowing how two substances react helps chemists develop new products. |