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141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Hertzspurg - Russell
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2 questions
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what are the 4 different groupings by mass? Where are they located?
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Look at the image above.
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What are the different levels of stars, where are they found?
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Star Life Cycle
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5 questions
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What is the life cycle of a protostar?
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Star birth is similar for all stars, but massive stars pass through stages faster.
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Some extra info.
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When is a star in equilibrium?
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What is the composition of the star as it grows older?
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What happens when the fuel is used up?
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Eventually, as the hydrogen in the core is consumed, the star begins to leave the main sequence.
Its evolution from then on depends very much on the mass of the star: Low-mass stars go quietly. High-mass stars go out with a bang! As the core continues to shrink, the outer layers of the star expand and cool. It is now a red giant, extending out as far as the orbit of Mercury. Despite its cooler temperature, its luminosity increases enormously due to its large size. |
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Does the star reach the equilibrium again, if so how?
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Helium begins to fuse extremely rapidly; within hours the enormous energy output is over, and the star once again reaches equilibrium
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How does the star become a red giant for the second time?
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more on the 3rd side...
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How does the star die?
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There is no more outward fusion
pressure being generated in the core, which continues to contract. Meanwhile, the outer layers of the star expand to form a planetary nebula. The star now has two parts: • A small, extremely dense carbon core • An envelope about the size of our solar system. The envelope is called a planetary nebula, even though it has nothing to do with planets – early astronomers viewing the fuzzy envelope thought it resembled a planetary system. As the dead core of the star cools, the nebula continues to expand, and dissipates into the surroundings. |
As the white dwarf cools, its size does not
change significantly; it simply gets dimmer and dimmer, and finally ceases to glow. |
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So to recap, What are the life-stages of a low mass star?
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1. Main Sequence: H fuses to He
in core 2. Red Giant: H fuses to He in shell around He core 3. Helium Core Burning: He fuses to C in core while H fuses to He in shell 4. Double Shell Burning: H and He both fuse in shells 5. Planetary Nebula leaves white dwarf behind |
The sun is an average (low mass) star
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The age of the Universe/ Solar System
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1 Question
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what is the age of the universe?
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13.8 billion years
(give or take a few billion years) |
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Axial Tilt
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1 Question
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What is the Axial Tilt?
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23.4°
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Causes the changes in seasons.
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Aphelion/ Perihelion/ Apogee/ Perigee
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2 questions
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What is Aphelion?
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position furthest away from the sun
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What is Perihelion?
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position closest to the sun
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What is Perigee?
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position closest to Earth
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What is Apogee?
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position farthest away from Earth
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Moon Phases
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1 Question
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What are the phases of the moon?
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From Earth, we
see different portions of the Moon’s surface lit by the sun, causing the phases of the Moon. |
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What are the phases of the moon (waxing and waning)?
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New Moon → First Quarter → Full Moon
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Full Moon → Third Quarter → New Moon
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Tides
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1 Question
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How are tides caused?
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The tides are caused
by the difference of the Moon’s gravitational attraction on the water on Earth • Between the near side and the center of the Earth • Between the center and the far side of the Earth → 2 tidal maxima → 12-hour cycle |
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What are spring and neap tides?
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The Sun is also
producing tidal effects, about half as strong as the Moon. • Near Full and New Moon, those two effects add up to cause spring tides • Near first and third quarter, the two effects work at a right angle w.r.t. each other, causing neap tides. |
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What is the The Tidally Locked Orbit of the Moon?
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The Earth also exerts
tidal forces on the Moon’s rocky interior. → It is rotating with the same period around its axis as it is orbiting Earth (tidally locked). → We always see the same side of the moon facing Earth. |
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Seasons
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1 Question
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Why are seasons caused? Explain.
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Seasons are caused
by the tilt of the earth’s axis. Summer days are warm because the sun's rays hit the earth more directly and for a longer period of time. Summer days are warm because the sun's rays hit the earth more directly and for a longer period of time. When the North Pole is leaning towards the sun, it has longer days and shorter nights. At the same time, the South Pole is leaning away from the sun. It has long nights and short days. |
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Eclipses
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1 question
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What are lunar eclipses and when do they occur? Explain.
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• 2. Lunar: These can only occur when the Moon
is full and is on the ecliptic. • When the Moon is inside the Earth’s umbra, the lunar eclipse is total and can be seen from anywhere on the nighttime side of the Earth. • When the Moon is partially in the umbra, the eclipse is partial. When the Moon is in the penumbra, it is darkened only slightly. Even during totality, the Moon is visible; it may look red, due to light refracted by and through the Earth’s atmosphere. • Eclipses occur in cycles. There is a maximum of seven eclipses per year (solar + lunar). |
moon is behind sun, away from earth, getting blocked by the sun
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What are solar eclipses and when do they occur? Explain.
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moon is in front of the sun, close to the Earth, blocking the sun,
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Equinox/ Solstice
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2 Questions
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What are the names and dates of the equinoxes and solstices?
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Vernal Equinox – March 20
Summer Solstice – June 21 Autumnal Equinox – September 22 Winter Solstice – December 21 |
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What is the Vernal Equinox and what does it look like?
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Sun shining directly on equator.
Equal day and night in both hemispher |
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What is the Autumnal Equinox and what does it look like?
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Similar situation to Vernal Equinox
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What is the Summer solstice ( in the northern hemisphere)? and what does it look like?
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North Pole points towards sun.
South Pole in continuous darkness Longest day of year northern hemisphere Shortest day of year in southern hemisphere |
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What is the Winter solstice ( in the northern hemisphere)? and what does it look like?
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North Pole points away from sun
South Pole in continuous daylight Shortest day of year in northern hemisphere Longest day of year in southern hemisphere |
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Plate Tectonics
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1 Question
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Name the parts of Earth and what they are comprised of
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Lithophile - crust materials
Chalcophile – mantle materials Siderophile – core materials |
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Where are most of the volcanos found?
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In the pacific Ocean; the ring of fire.
What type of boundry is the ring of fire? |
Much of the volcanic activity occurs along subduction zones which are convergent plate boundaries where two tectonic plates come together.
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What are the theories of plate Tectonics?
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– The new hypotheses of the early 1960s explained several
puzzling sets of observations. All that remained was a synthesis of these hypotheses. – The synthesis began in 1965 when Tuzo Wilson introduced the term plate for the broken pieces of the Earth's lithosphere. In 1967, Jason Morgan proposed that the Earth's surface consists of 12 rigid plates that move relative to each other. Two months later, Xavier Le Pichon published a synthesis showing the location and type of plate boundaries and their direction of movement. – Since the mid-1960s, the plate tectonic model has been rigorously tested. Because the model has been successfully tested by numerous methods, it is now called the plate tectonic theory and is accepted by almost all geologists. |
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How do plates move?
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What drives it?
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What are the types of plate boundaries?
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• The ways that plates interact depend on
their relative motion and whether oceanic or continental crust is at the edge of the lithospheric plate. • Plates move away from, toward, or slide past each other. • Geologists call these divergent, convergent, and transform plate boundaries. Divergent, Convergent, and Transform |
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What is a Divergent Boundary?
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At a divergent plate
boundary lithospheric plates move away from each other. • The mid-Atlantic Ridge, a topographically high area near the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, is an example of a divergent plate boundary. • New crustal material Ex. The Atlantic Ridge |
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What is a Convergent Boundary?
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• At a convergent plate
boundary, lithospheric plates move toward each other. • The west margin of the South American continent, where the oceanic Nazca Plate is pushed toward and beneath the continental portion of the South American Plate, is an example of a convergent plate boundary oceanic - oceanic collision oceanic - continental collision continental - continental collision ex. continental-continental: Himalayas oceanic-continental: Andes |
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What is a Transform Boundary?
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At a transform plate
boundary, plates slide past each other. • The San Andreas fault in California is an example of a transform plate boundary, where the Pacific Plate slides past the North American Plate. ex. San Andres Fault |
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What are Hot spots? Give an example.
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The places known as hotspots or hot spots in geology are volcanic regions thought to be fed by underlying mantle that is anomalously hot compared with the mantle elsewhere. They may be unanimously hot, and provide a great deal of molten magma.
ex. Hawaii Yellow stone Galapagos Islands |
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Plate motion Summary
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LACOW
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1 Question
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The earth's main 2 motions are...
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Rotation: spinning like a top
and Revolution: moving around the sun Rotation establishes reference points Magic Number is 23 ½ |
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What are the main imaginary lines running on the Earth( like the equator)?
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Arctic and Antarctic Circle are displaced 23 ½ degrees from pole.
Tropics are displaced 23 ½ degrees from geographic equator |
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What is Latitude?
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Latitude is distance measured in degrees 0° - 90° north and south of the equator. Direction is either given as North (+) or South (-). 0, 30, 60, 90 are important numbers to remember.
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EXTRA INFO:The Earth has a generally elliptical orbit around our Sun.
Counterintuitively, at this point in its life, the Earth is at its closest (146 million km) to the Sun in the northern hemisphere January (called the Perihelion) and the furthest (156 million km) in northern hemisphere July (the Aphelion). In 10,000 years this won’t be so. The Earth is located at a mean distance of approximately 150 million km from our sun |
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Define Weather and Climate:
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Weather - the state of the atmosphere with regard to temperature, cloudiness, rainfall, wind, and other meteorological conditions
Climate - the average weather or the regular variations in weather in a region over a period of years SO... Climate – what you expect! Weather – what you get! |
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What does LACOW stand for?
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Latitude
Altitude Continents and Landforms Oceans and Ocean Currents Wind, Wind Currents, Air Masses |
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What is latitude (in LACOW)?
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The angle at which the sun strikes the earth’s surface varies with latitude and season which affects amount of insolation.
What is insolation? |
Incoming Solar Radiation
The amount of solar energy striking a measured area of the earth’s surface, usually measured in watts per square meter. |
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What is insolation and what affects it?
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Insolation:
The amount of solar energy striking a measured area of the earth’s surface, usually measured in watts per square meter. Three things that impact insolation: 1. Angle: the angle of the sphere in which we live. 2. Length of time the sun is over the horizon: the sun's rays change, causing changes in direct sunlight 3. Amount of atmosphere the sun’s rays have to pass through: As shown in he picture, the higher the angle, the more atmosphere the sun's rays have to go through to hit land. |
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What is the subsolar point? explain.
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The point where the sun’s rays are hitting exactly perpendicular. The point of greatest insolation, all other factors being equal.
Always between 23.5 N and 23.5 S latitude. In the picture, the subsolar point is at the tropic of Cancer. ( June/ Summer Solstice) During the December or winter solstice, the subsolar point is at the tropic of capricorn. During the Equinoxes, the subsolar point is at the equator. Tropics receive more concentrated insolation (2.5x more) than the poles due to the Earth’s curvature |
Subsolar point = Point of greatest insolation
Greatest insolation approximates greatest heating Trace of greatest heating = Thermal equator Heating means potential evaporation Thermal equator approximates ITCZ |
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What is the Altitude( in LACOW)?
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In meteorology, the measure of the height of an object in respect to mean sea level.
Air moves in response to forces The force which moves air from hot to cold is buoyancy -- the tendency for less dense fluids to float up when surrounded by denser ones. Atmospheric pressure reduces with altitude: - Gravitational attraction between the Earth and the air molecules is greater for those molecules nearer the earth than those farther away. is greater for those molecules nearer the earth than those farther away. |
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What is the Contenentality ( in LACOW)?
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Soil and rock have a much lower specific heat than water, and therefore gain and lose heat much more quickly/easily than water.
Continental places, far inland, have great temperature extremes and experience hotter summers and colder winters. Record hot and cold weather usually found in the continental interiors Continental climates are often found to be relatively dry since they are, by definition, far from the moisture of the oceans. SO... continents have greater range of temperatures. |
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What are the Landfroms (in LACOW)?
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Mountains and Valleys
Look at the picture above |
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What does the Oceans and Ocean Currents stand for (in LACOW)?
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The exact opposite of cotenentality.
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Genetics:
X-Linked |
2 Questions
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What is X- Linked Dominance?
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One affected X gene can pass it on.
Boys can only get it from their mother, but girls can get it from both of their parents; so girls are at a higher risk. NO CARRIERS |
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What is X-Linked recessive?
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You need 2 affected X genes, typically.
Boys only need one because they only have 1 X gene. Girls can be carriers ( having only 1 affected gene; not showing symptoms) or have the trait/disease. Boys are more prone to X-Linked recessive traits and diseases. |
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Mitosis and Meiosis
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1 Question
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What is Mitosis?
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Mitosis:
Single division of a cell. Results in two identical daughter cells. |
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What is Meiosis?
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Meiosis:
Reduction division Production of sex cells – gametes |
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Simple Mendelian Genetics
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1 Question
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What is simple Mendelian Genetics?
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Punnet Squares; one 'celled'
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define homogygous
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pure breed
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define heterozygous
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mixed origin
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Newton's Laws
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8 Questions
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What is Newton's first law?
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The law of Inertia:
I. Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless an external force is applied to it. |
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What is Newton's second law?
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II. The relationship between an object's mass m, its acceleration a, and the applied force F is F = ma. Acceleration and force are vectors (as indicated by their symbols being displayed in slant bold font); in this law the direction of the force vector is the same as the direction of the acceleration vector.
Simply, F=m*a |
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What is Newton's third law?
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III. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
if my fist comes in contact with your face, your face is coming into contact with my fist at the same force. |
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Lab Safety and Equipment Use
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8 Questions
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To protect your eyes from possible injury, wear ___.
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googles
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Wear a laboratory ___ whenever you are working with chemicals or heated substances.
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coat/jacket or apron
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Tie back ___ to keep it away from chemicals, flames, or equipment.
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hair, in general, long or short
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Remove any article of ___ or ___ that can hand down and touch chemicals and flames.
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clothing ; jewelery
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____ Should be folded when working.
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long sleeves
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Do not wear ___ or ___ in the laboratory.
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sandals ; open-toed shoes
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Be serious when working in the laboratory and never ___.
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fool around
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Take extreme care not to ___ any material in the laboratory.
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spill
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If something is broken,_____.
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ask a teacher what to do
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Never ___ or ___ anything in the laboratory.
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eat ; taste
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Know the location and proper use of ___.
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safety equipment
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Keep laboratory area ___.
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clean
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Immediately report ___, no matter how minor, to teacher.
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accidents
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Never use a heat source without wearing ___.
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Safety googles
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Maintain a ___ and keep all materials away from flames.
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clean and safe environment
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Always point a test tube or bottle ___.
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away from you and others
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Never heat a liquid in a ___.
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closed continer
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Never pick up a container that has been ___, especially without____.
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heated ; gloves
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Never return used chemicals to their ___.
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original containers
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Never pick up ___ without first checking to see if it is hot.
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glassware
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Never use ___ or ___ glassware.
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broken ; chipped
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Never ___ or ___ from laboratory glassware.
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eat ; drink
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When an investigation is completed, ___.
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clean up your work area and make sure you haven't spilled anything.
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After every investigation, ___.
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wash your hands.
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Drape this around someone who's on fire (ouch).
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fire blanket
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Use it to put out a fire (or someone who is on fire).
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Fire Extinguisher
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What you do if you spill acid
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report it to a teacher
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Use if chemicals get into your eyes...
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eye wash
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Use if you spilled chemicals on your body other than your hands or eyes
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Lab shower
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When using hold the arm with one hand and the base with your other
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microscope
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Often used to describe any material which will burn
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combustable
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Material is one which causes damage to skin, eyes or other parts on the body on contact.
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corrosive
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Is a chemical which may cause inflammation on contact
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Irritant
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What is an MSDS
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A widely used abbreviation for Material Safety Data Sheet. A MSDS contains details of the hazards associated with a chemical, and gives information on its safe use
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a substance that can cause a fire or explosion
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oxidizer
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a chemical that can cause a fire
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flamable
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PEREODIC TABLE:
Mass # / Protons / Neutrons / Electrons / Charge Periodic Table Trends mass # Counting Atoms and Elements Look at your periodic table for more info. |
9 Questions
2 Questions 4 Questions 2 Questions 1 Question |
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What is Atomic Number?
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# of Protons
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How do you find the value of an electron?
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proton = electron
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What is Atomic Mass?
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Protons + Neutrons
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What is the combining capacity?
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valence electrons
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What is a family?
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going down vertically
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Are there names for certain families? if so what are they?
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Hydrogen is its own family.
Family 1 ( other than hydrogen) - Alkaline Metals Family 2 - Alkaline Earth Metals Families 3-12 - Transition metals Family 16 - Clacogen Family Family 17 - Halogen Family Family 18 - Inert/ Noble Gasses |
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What is a period, or series?
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going horizontally
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What elements aren't found by themselves?
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Diatomic Elements
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Products and Reactants, which one is on which side?
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Products on the right; reactants on the left
To Remember: the reactants react to create the products |
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What are the representative families?
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families 1 and 2
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Remember the criss-cross rule...
What is it? |
To use this method, the absolute value of the oxidation number of the first ion is used as the subscript of the second, and vice versa. The subscripts are then reduced by the greatest common factor. For instance, to find the formula for aluminium oxide:-
The oxidation number of Al is +3 and oxygen is -2. Criss cross the absolute values to give Al2O3 To find the formula for magnesium oxide:- The oxidation number of Mg is +2 and oxygen is -2. Criss cross the absolute values to give Mg2O2 In this example there is a common factor of 2 so divide by 2 to give MgO. |
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Light Years
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1 Question
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What is a light year and how is it used?
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A light-year is a unit of distance. It is the distance that light can travel in one year. Light moves at a velocity of about 300,000 kilometers (km) each second.
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How long is it from the Sun to Earth in light years?
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0.0000152207001522070015220700152207 light years. On avg it takes just under 8 and half minutes for light to reach the earth from, the sun.
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Doppler
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1Question
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What is the Doppler affect?
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The Doppler effect, named after the Austrian physicist Christian Doppler, who proposed it in 1842 in Prague, is the change in frequency of a wave for an observer moving relative to its source.
Red Shift and Blue Shift |
FYOI
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Balancing/ Law of Conservation of Matter
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6 Questions
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What is the Law of Conservation of Matter?
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The law of conservation of mass, or principle of mass conservation, states that for any system closed to all transfers of matter and energy (both need to have mass), the mass of the system must remain constant over time, as system mass cannot change quantity if it is not added or removed. Hence, the quantity of mass is conserved over time. The law implies that mass can neither be created nor destroyed, although it may be rearranged in space, or the entities associated with it may be changed in form, as for example when light or physical work is transformed into particles that contribute the same mass to the system as the light or work had contributed. The law requires that during any chemical, or nuclear reaction, or radioactive decay in an isolated system, the total mass of the reactants or starting materials must be equal to the mass of the products.
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In a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed. It was discovered by Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743-94) about 1785.
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How do you balance equations?
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Use this Website: http://www.wikihow.com/Balance-Chemical-Equations
1. Write down your given equation. 2. Write down the number of atoms that you have on each side of the equation. 3. Balance the reactants (right) to the product (left) of the same element. |
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Chemical Reactions - Type and explanation
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3 Questions
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What is a chemical reaction?
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dictionary definition: a process that involves rearrangement of the molecular or ionic structure of a substance, as opposed to a change in physical form or a nuclear reaction.
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What are the types of chemical reactions?
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One of Six Categories
1) Combustion: When oxygen combines with another compound to form water and carbon dioxide. These are exothermic, producing heat. 2) Synthesis: when two or more simple compounds combine to form a more complicated one. The general form: A + B ---> AB 3) Decomposition: when a complex molecule breaks down to make simpler ones. The general form: AB ---> A + B 4) Single displacement: When one element trades places with another element in a compound. The general form: A + BC ---> AC + B 5) Double displacement: When the anions and cations of two different molecules switch places, forming two new compounds. The general form: AB + CD ---> AD + CB 6) Acid-base: special kind of double displacement reaction that takes place when an acid and base react with each other. The H+ ion in the acid reacts with the OH- ion in the base, causing the formation of water. Generally, the product of this reaction is some ionic salt and water |
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Can you simplify the types of chemical reactions (specifically taught in class)?
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1)Synthesis reaction: reaction in which two or more elements or compounds combine to form a single product.The general equation:
A + B -->C 2) Decomposition reaction: In this type of reaction, a single reactant, a compound, breaks into two or more parts. Often these are the most difficult to predict. The general equation: AB -->A + B 3)Single replacement/ displacement reaction: In this type of reaction, a more active element replaces a less active element in a compound. Among the halogens, F2 is the most active halogen, and the activity of the halogens decreases as you go down the group. For the metals, you will need to be given an activity series. General equation: A + BC-->AC + B 4)Double replacement/ displacement reaction: In this type of reaction, two compounds react to form two new compounds. The formation of a molecular compound such as water, the formation of a gas, or the formation of a precipitate usually drives these reactions. The general equation: AB + CD-->AD + CB |
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FMA equations:
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3 Questions
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Names the Force, Mass and Acceleration Formulas:
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* Force = Mass times Acceleration.
* Acceleration is a change in velocity over time. * Velocity is a change in displacement (position) over time. * The units of force are (mass)(distance)/(time)^2 |
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