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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the types of energy? |
Active: -Sound -Heat -Radient -Electric -Kinetic Potential: -Magnetic -Elastic -Nuclear -Gravitational -Chemical |
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How is energy measured? |
Energy is measured in joules (J) or kilojoules (KJ) |
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What is the law of conservation and energy transfer? |
"Energy cannot be created or destroyed, simply transferred from one type to another" |
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Recall the names of the digestive system |
Mouth, teeth, tongue, salivary glands, oesophagus, stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, duodenum, small intestine, large intestine (colon), appendix, rectum, anus. |
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Describe Digestion |
- Food enters the body via the mouth. - Teeth mechanically break down the food with the help of gastric juices and enzymes, as well as aiding the food down the oesophagus towards the stomach which chemically breaks down the food. |
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Describe Absorption etc |
-Food molecules travel through the small intestine where they are absorbed by the villi into the bloodstream to be used in the cells of the body and provide energy (waste products remain) - The remaining water is absorbed in the large intestine and the undigested solids are pushed out as feces.
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Describe Respiration (plus word equation) |
oxygen+glucose-->carbon dioxide+water+energy Respiration is the chemical process of oxygen being diffused into the bloodstream (to be used by cells etc). Carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveoli to be breathed out. |
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Why does the body digest food? |
The body carries out digestion to convert large insoluble food molecules into smaller souble ones. The molecules can pass through the walls of the small intestine (via the villi) to dissolve into the bloodstream. This process gives us energy to eat, breathe, move, sleep etc. |
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What are some types of food and what are they used for? |
Carbohydrates (pasta, bread) A sugary & starchy substance. Provides energy. Protein (meat, fish, eggs) Required for growth and repair of muscle tissue. Lipids (fats, oils) Provides energy, insulate organs and make cell membranes. |
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Descriptions of an element, compound and mixture |
Elements are pure substances that only contain one type of atom. They cannot be broken down into simpler substances. Compounds are formed when atoms from two different elements join together to form a bond. Mixtures are impure substances formed when elements and/or compounds are mixed together without a chemical reaction. |
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Recall the difference between elements, compounds and mixtures |
Elements are pure substances that only contain one type of atom. They cannot be broken down into simpler substances. Compounds are formed when atoms from two different elements join together to form a bond. Mixtures are impure substances formed when elements and/or compounds are mixed together without a chemical reaction. |
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Give examples of how mixtures can be seperated |
-filtering -distilling -evaporating -magnetism -sieving |
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Define the terms solute, solvent and solution |
Solute A substance being dissolved in liquid Solvent A liquid/fluid dissolving a solute Solution The result of a solute dissolving into a solvent |
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Recall the first 20 elements and symbols |
Hydrogen H, Helium He, Lithium Li, Beryllium Be, Boron B, Carbon C, Nitrogen N, Oxygen O, Fluorine F, Neon Ne, Sodium Na, Magnesium Mg, Aluminum Al, Silicone Si, Phosphorus P, Sulfur S, Chlorine Cl, Argon Ar, Potassium K, Calcium Ca |
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Recall other common elements and symbols |
Iron Fe, Copper Cu, Zinc Zn, Silver Ag, Tin Sn, Iodine I, Gold Au, Mercury Hg, Lead Pb, Platinum Pr |
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Explain the difference between chemical and physical reactions |
In a physical change a substance doesn't change, but in a chemical change with a reaction a new substance is formed and energy is either given off or absorbed. |
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Recall the different types of electromagnetic waves |
(In order from largest to smallest wave length) Radio-waves, Micro-waves, Infrared, Visible light, Ultra-violet, X-ray, Gamma-ray |
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Describe how electromagnetic radiation can be harmful to humans |
High levels of UV light can cause cancerous skin cells to appear. This happens as a result of melanocytes in the skin cells responding to the UV light |
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Why might NZ have a higher rate of skin cancer than other countries? |
- We receive higher UV levels than comparable countries during summer - Low ozone levels - Significant proportion of the population has a skin types that burns easily (genetic heritage) - Outdoor lifestyle |
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Recall the light spectrum |
Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet |
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Describe Reflection |
When light hits a surface and bounces off. When light hits a mirror it bounces off in a predictable direction - "The angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence when measured from normal" |
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Describe Refraction |
This occurs because light chanes speed and direction when moving from one medium to another. (Slows down and bends towards normal) |
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Explain eye features and functions |
Cornea
Front part of the tough outer coat, it is transparent and refracts light (bends it as it enters the eye) Iris Pigmented (the colour of your eyes) - so light cannot pass through. Its muscles contract and relax to alter the size of its central hole or pupil, this controls how much light enters. Lens Transparent, flexible disc behind the iris attached by the suspensory ligaments. Focuses light onto the retina Retina The lining of the back of eye, a sensitive cell layer with rods and cones. Optic nerve A bundle of sensory neurones at back of eye that carries nerve impulses from the eye to the brain. |
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Explain the importance of plants |
Plants create a waste product called oxygen during the process of photosynthesis, this gas is essential to human life. They also provide a source of food and in the form of starches and nutrients. |
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Recall Mrs C Gren |
Movement Respiration Sensitivity Circulation Growth Reproduction Excretion Nutrients |
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Name features present in both plant and animal cells |
- Nucleus - Cell membrane - Cytoplasm |
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Name features only present in a plant cell |
- Cells have a regular box-like shape - Cell wall - Chloroplast - Vacuole |
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Describe photosynthesis (plus word equation) |
Carbon Dioxide+water (light energy) ---> glucose+oxygen Photosynthesis is the process of making food using light energy. Leaves use chloroplasts to capture sunlight during the day. They use water that has been absorbed by the roots and carbon dioxide that enters the leaf via the stomatal pores. The chloroplasts in the leaf cell combine these to form a glucose and a wast product called oxygen. |
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Name the main organs in a flower |
Sepals protect the unopened flower bud
Petals attract insects Stamen the male parts of the flower consisting of the anther held up on the filament. Anthers produce male sex cells (pollen grains). Stigma the top of the female part of the flower (style) which collects pollen grains Ovary produces the female sex cells (ovules) Nectaries produce sugary nectar which attracts insects |
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Name the main organs in a leaf |
Wax Cuticle Protective outer layer Upper epidermis Almost transparent layer of cells that protects the interior tissues Palisade cells Where photosynthesis happens, contain a high number of chloroplasts. Spongy layer (mesophyll) Loosely arranged cells that allow the movement of oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapour. Stomata Openings at the bottom of the leaf that allow gases to diffuse in and out |
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Describe pollination and fertilisation, and the difference between them |
- Pollination happens when an insect or the wind carries pollen from one flowers anther to anthers stigma - Fertilisation is when the male and female sex cells join in the ovary and seeds are formed. |
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What are the features of a leaf that are adapted for photosynthesis |
- Large surface area, to absorb more light
- Thin, short distance for carbon dioxide to diffuse into leaf cells - Chlorophyll, absorbs sunlight to transfer energy into chemicals - Network of veins, to support the leaf and transport water and carbohydrates -Stomata, allow carbon dioxide to diffuse into the leaf |
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What is the order of the planets? |
Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune
(My very exited mother just served us nachos) |
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What must a planet provide in order to sustain human life |
- Temperature usually withen 0-50 C - Abundant water in a liquid state - Atmosphere with oxygen and carbon dioxide gas - Source of light for plants - Protection from harmful radiation |
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What is the Particle Theory of Matter? |
- All matter is made of Particles - Particles are always moving - Temperature affects this movement |
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Describe the what an independent, dependent and control variable is |
Independent What will change (hight the ball is released) Dependent What will be measured (how high it bounces) Control What stays the same (Size of the ball etc) |
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Things to remember when making a line graph |
- SPLATZ - Plot points with a cross - Evenly space numbers - Graphs don't always start at zero - Label the axis - Put units with the label |