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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Incisor Central |
Max - 1 root, 1cusp and function is to cut food Mand- 1 root, 1 cups and function is to cut food. Mand central incisor tooth is the smallest tooth l |
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Lateral Incisor |
Max - 1 root, 1 cusp. Function is to cut food. This tooth varies in form and can be missing. Mand- 1 root, 1 cusp. Function is to cut food. |
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Canine Tooth |
Max- 1 root, 1 cusp. Function is to cut food. This tooth also has the largest roots. Mand- 1 root, 1 cusp. Function is to cut foods |
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1st Premolar |
Max- 1-2 roots, 2 cusps. Function is to grasp, tear, and chew. Mand- 1 root, 2 cusps. Function is the grasp, tear, and chew. |
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2nd Premolar |
Max- 1 root, 2 cusps. Function is grasp, tear, and chew. Mand- 1 root, 2-3 cusps. Function is to grasp, tear, and chew |
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1st Molar |
Permanent Max- 3 roots, 5 cusps. Function is chewing and grinding. Pernemant Mand-2 roots, 2-4 cusps. Function is chewing and grinding Primary Max- 3 roots, 3-4 cusps. Function is chewing and grinding. Primary Mand- 2 roots, 3-4 cusps. Function is chewing and grinding. |
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2 Molar |
Permeant Max - 3 roots, 3-4 cusps Permanent Mand- 2 roots, 4 cusps Primary Max- 3 roots, 5 cusps Primary Mand- 2 roots, 4 cusps |
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3rd Molars |
(permanent only) Max- 3 roots, 4 cusps fused Mand- 2 roots, 4 cusps fused Function is chewing and grinding |
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Superior |
Above |
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Inferior |
Below |
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Proximal |
Close |
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Distal |
Far |
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Lateral |
Side |
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Medial |
Midline/Middle |
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Dorsal |
Back |
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Ventral |
Front |
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Anterior |
Front |
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Posterior |
Back |
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Anatomical position |
Refers to the body standing erect with face forward,feet together, arms hanging on the sides |
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Midsagittal |
Vertical plane that divides the body into EQUAL left and right halves |
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Sagittal |
Divides the body into left and right halves that are UNEQUAL |
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Horizontal Plane |
Divides to the body into superior and inferior portions |
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Frontal Plane |
Divides the body into front and back |
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Tissues |
Epithelial, Nerve,Connective, and Muscle. |
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Epithelial Tissue |
Forms covering for the external and internal body surfaces(skin, lining of oral cavity and intestines. Purpose is to provide protection, produce secretions and regulate the passage of minerals across them. Some epithelial cells are specialized meaning that they can have special functions associated with skin colour, hair, nails, mucus, production and sweat regulation. Epithelial Tissue (Covering and lining) Lines internal organs and body cavities as well as skin protects the body. Epithelial Tissue(Glandular or secretory) secrete substances such as digestive juices, hormones, milk, perspirations |
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Connective Tissue |
Major support material of the body. It provides the body with support and connects its organ and tissues Connective Adipose(Fat) Tissue that stores fat, provides energy source when needed, fat cushions support and insulate the body Connective supportive Osseous tissue(bone) protects and supports other organs(ribs around heart and lungs) Connective dense fibrous ligaments are strong, flexible bands that holds bones together and tendons are white glossy bands that attach skeletal muscles to the bones. Connective Vascular blood transports nutrients and oxygen to body cells and carries waste products away. Lymph transports tissue, fluids and other materials from the tissue to the capillaries. |
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Muscle Tissue |
Muscle tissue has the ability to lengthen and shorten and move body parts. Striated tissue also called the skeletal and voluntary these muscles are attached to bones, tendons or other muscles and are responsible for voluntary movement Smooth muscle tissue also known as visceral are non strained and involuntary these muscles provide in voluntary movement like digestion. Smooth muscles are found in visceral internal organs as well as in hollow body cavities Cardiac muscle tissue makes up the walls of the heart, muscle helps pump blood out of the heart, even those muscle has striation movement it is involuntary |
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Nerve Tissue |
Found in the brain and spinal cord and nerves. Responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities. Stimulates muscle contraction and plays a role in emotions, memory, and reasoning. Nerve tissue also has the ability to react to environment chances Neuronal tissue reacts to environmental stimuli, carry impulses to and from brain. |
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Body Cavities |
Ventral and Dorsal Cavities Ventral Cavity contains the Thoracic cavity, Adbominopelvic cavity - admoninal cavity and pelvic cavity. Dorsal Cavity - Contains cranial cavity and spinal cavity. |
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10 Body Systems |
Skeletal system Muscular system Cardiovascular + Lymphatic and immune systems Nervous system Respiratory system Digestive system Urinary system Integumentary system Endocrine system Reproductive system SKMCLNRDUIER |
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Skeletal system |
The skull, spine, and rib cage from the axial skeleton and accounts for 80 of the 206 bones. The shoulders arms and hands and feet from the appendicular consist of the other 28 bones. The function is to protect the major organs of the nervous, respiratory and circulatory system. The bones allow us to stand and walk and protect the internal organs. Bone is a living connective tissue that is capable of repairing itself when injured. It consists of organic components(cells and matrix) and inorganic minerals such as calcium and phosphate which give the bone rigidity. There is 3 layers to a bone 1. Periosteum 2. Compact 3. Cancellous Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts Periosteum is anchored to the bone by sharpeys fibers |
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Arthritis |
Inflammation of joint |
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Fracture |
Broken bones caused by stress on the bone |
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Gout |
Inflammatory joint reaction cause by accumulation of uric acid crystals. Big toe |
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Osteomyelitis |
Infection of bone |
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Osteoporosis |
Bone aging and demineralizing |
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Sprain |
Injury of joint |
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Joints |
Fibrous - don’t move Cartilaginous - move slightly Synovial - move |
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Muscular system |
Gives us the ability to stand walk, run, jump and makes the most move. In order to make the body move the muscles must work together. Each muscle consists of muscle tissue, nerve tissues, vascular tissue and connective tissue. Muscles are the only body icky tissues that have the ability to contract and relax. Contraction is tightening of muscle which makes it become shorter and thicker Relaxation occurs when muscle is in original shape. |
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Types of muscle |
Striated(Skeletal) Smooth Cardiac |
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Muscle origin and insertion |
Origin is the place where the muscle beings and is fixed Insertion is where the muscle ends |
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Bronchial Arches Embryology |
By the end of the fourth worth six pairs of branchial arches have formed the first to give rise to the structures of the head. The first branchial arch is the mandibular arch which forms the bones, muscles, nerves of the face. This arch also forms the lower lips and muscles of chewing and the anterior portion of alveolar process The second branch arch know as the hyoid arch forms the styloid process, stapes of ears, and part of hyoid bone. The 3rd branch forms the body of the hyoid and back of the younger 4,5, and 6 arch es form the lower throat including the thyroid cartilage and the muscles/nerves of the pharynx and larynx |
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Embryonic layers |
Ectoderm (Outer) Skin, brain, spinal cords , nails, hair, lining oral cavity and enamel on teeth Mesoderm(middle layer) Bones, circulatory system, kidneys, ducks reproductive system, lining of stomach, Dentin, punk and cementum of teeth Endoderm(inner layer) Lining of digestive tract, lining of lungs, parts of the urogenital system |
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Tooth development |
Initiation (week 6-7) main process is induction the ectoderm lining stomodeum gives rise to the oral epithelium and then to dental lamina adjacent to deeper mesenchyme and neural crest cells and separated by a basement membrane Bud stage(week 8) main process is proliferation and growth of dental lamina into bud that penetrates growing mesenchyme. Cap stage(week 9-10) main process is proliferation, differentia, morphogenesis. Enamel organ forms into cap surrounding mass of dental papilla from mesenchyme and surround mass of dental sac; formation of the tooth germ Bell stage(11-12) main process is proliferation, differentia, morphogenesis. Differentiation of enamel organ into bell with four cell types and dental papilla into two cell types Apposition stage(varies per tooth) induction and proliferation. Dental tissue is secreted in matrix in successive layers. Maturation stage(varies in age) is Maturation. Dental tissue is fully mineralized to their mature levels |
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Hard and soft palates |
It is formed from two separate embryonic structures the primary and secondary palates which are then fused together. Any disturbances if this process by cause cleft lip or cleft palate |
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Developmental disturbances |
Anodontia occurs in the initial stage and can be due to hereditary, hormone issue, excessive radiation exposure. It is absence of single or multiple teeth. Supernumerary teeth occurs in the initiation stage and is hereditary. This is when there is one or more extra teeth. Macrodontia and microdontia occurs in the bud stage and can be hereditary or developmental. It’s when teeth are abnormally large or small Dens in dente occur in the cap stage and is hereditary. It’s when the enamel organ invaginate into the dental papilla Germination occurs in the cap stage and is hereditary it’s when the tooth germ tries to divide Fusion occurs in the cap stage and is due to area pressure. It’s the union of two adjacent germs. Tubercle occurs in the cap stage due to trauma. Extra cusp caused by effects on enamel organ. Enamel pearl occurs in apposition or maturation stage due to displacement ameloblasts to root surface. Sphere of enamel on root Concrescence occurs in apposition or maturation stage due to traumatic injury or crowding of teeth. Union of root structure of two or more teeth by cementum |
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Periodontium |
Supports teeth within the alveolar bone, consists of cementum alveolar bone, periodontal ligament. This tissue protects and nourishes the teeth. It’s divided into two major units the attachment apparatus which is the 3 things explain above and then the gingival unit (gums) |
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Mucosa |
Lining mucosa is a soft texture, moist surface, and ability to stretch(inside of cheeks) Masticatory mucosa is rubbery surfaces and resiliency ( gums and hard palate) Specialized mucosa is on top surface or dorsal of tongue in the form of lingual papillae |
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Regions of the head (11) |
Orbital Nasal Oral Buccal Mental Front Parietal Temporal Zygomatic Infraorbital Occipital |
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8 bones of the cranium |
Frontal (1) Parietal (2) Occipital (1) Temporal (2) Sphenoid (1) Ethmoid (1) |
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14 facial bones |
Zygomatic(2) Maxillary(2) Palatine(2) Nasal(2) Lacrimal(2) Vomer(1) Inferior conchae(2) Mandible(1) |
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Landmarks of bones |
Foramen - natural opening Fossa- hollow groove of depressed area Meatus - external opening Process- prominence or projection on bone Symphysis- where bones come together to form a joint Tubercle - small rough projection on bone Tuberosity - large process |
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Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) |
Joint on each side of the head that’s allows movement of the mandible for the speech and mastication. The mandible is attached to the cranium by the ligaments of TMJ. The TMJ is made up by the muscles of chewing. |
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Parts of the TMJ |
Bony parts 1. Glenoid Fossa which is lined with fibrous connective tissue and is a oval depression in the temporal bone just anterior to the external auditory meatus 2. Articular eminence which is a raised portion of the temporal bone just anterior to the glenoid fossa. 3. The condyloid process of the mandible lies in the glenoid fossa. Capsular Ligament Fibrous joint that encloses the TMJ this capsule wraps around the temporal bone, articular eminence and fossa superiorly and then inferiorly wraps around the circumference of the mandibular condyle including neck Articular Space which is the area between the CL and surfaces of the fossa and condyle Articular Disc is a dense cushion of specialized connective tissue that divides the articular space into upper and lower compartments. These compartments are filled with synovial fluid which acts as a lube |
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Saliva is required |
To taste food |
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How many teeth are in an adult mouth and primary |
Adult 32 Child 20 |
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How many teeth are in the arch |
Child - 10 Adult - 16 |
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TMD |
Acute masticatory muscle complaints - inflammation, spasms Articular disc derangement - disc which allows smooth movement of the joint is displaced. May cause clicking sound and limited ability to open mouth Extrinsic trauma - external injuries that may cause dislocation of joint or fracture bones Joint diseases Chronic mandibular hypomobility - limited movement |
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Major muscles of mastication |
Temporal, Masseter, Internal pterygoid, External pterygoid.
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Major muscles of mastication |
Temporal - raises mandible and closes jaw Masseter - raises mandible and closes jaw Internal pterygoid - closes jaw External pterygoid - opens jaw
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Muscles of the mouth |
Mylohoid(forms floor of mouth raises tongue and lowers jaw) Digastric (triangle on each side of neck) Stylohyiod assists in swallowing by raising hyoid bone) Geniohyiod(draws tongue and hyoid bone forward) |
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Tongue muscles |
Genioglossus- depresses and protrudes tongue Hyoglossus- retracts younger and pulls down side tongue Styloglossus- retracts tongue |
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Trigeminal nerve |
Primary source of innervation for the oral cavity (main nerve) |
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Maxillary division of the Trigeminal Nerve |
Nasopalantine nerve - passes through the incisive Foramen supplies the mucoperiosteum palatal to the maxillary anterior teeth Greater palatine nerve - passes through the posterior palatine foramen and forward over the palate supplies the mucoperiosteumn Anterior Superior alveolar nerve (ASA) supplies the max central and lateral and cuspid teeth along with the periodontal membranes and gums this nerve also supplies the sinuses Middle superior alveolar nerve (MSA) supplies the max first and second premolars and mesiobuccal root of the max first molar and max sinuses Posterior superior alveolar nerve (PSA) supplies other roots of the max first molar and max second and third molars and lateral walls of max sinus |
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Mandibular division of Trigeminal Nerve |
Buccal nerve - supplies branded to the buccal mucous membranes and to the mucoperiostuem of the Mandibular molars (back skin and molars) Lingual nerves supplies the anterior two third of the tongue and supplies the lingual mucous membrane and mucoperiostuem Inferior alveolar nerve subdivides into the mylohyoid nerve (mylohyoid muscle) and small dental nerves which supply the morals and premolar, alveolar process and periosteum |
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Tongue |
Composed of mainly muscles and is covered with a think layer of mucous membranes and thousands of projections called papillae. Inside the papillae is the taste buds The younger is one of the bodies body versatile organs and the function is speaking, positioning food well eating, tasting and sensations, swallowing, and cleansing the oral cavity. The anterior two thirds of the younger is called the body. The root of the tongue is the posterior part that turns vertically downward at the pharynx. The dorsal comprises the superior and posterior rough-head aspects. Sublingual surfaces of the younger is covered with thin transparent mucosa Two small papillae are seen on either side of the lingual frenulum. There these papillae are openings into submandibular ducts On either side of the lingual surface are two smaller fimbriated folds. |
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Taste buds |
Located on the fungiform papillae and in the through of the large vallate papillae which form a V on the back of tongue. Filiform papillae is the sense of touch and contains nose taste buds |
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Angles of classification |
Class 1 - neutroclusion which is normal Class 2 - distoclusion is over bite and lower jaw is to the back has two divisions due to front teeth Class 3 - mesioclusion is underbite jaw is to the front |
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Mamelons |
When newly erupted central and lateral incisors have the mamelons or rounded enmal extensions or tooth |
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1st permanent tooth to erupt |
1st molar 6-7 years |
