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282 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Scientific method |
What process is used to discover the truth by confirming or rejecting hypotheses, thoughts, and ideas? |
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Conclusion |
At what point does the acceptance or rejection of the hypothesis occurs? |
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Uncontrolled variable |
A pesticide was applied to a field as an experiment to determine the level of dosage needed to kill boll weevils. An unexpected rainstorm occurred during the application of some, but not all, of the pesticide. This poorly timed weather event would be known as a(n) |
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4 |
How many sig fig digits are found in 0.0009721 |
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Liogram |
What is the si base unit for mass? |
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Pipettes |
Which glassware should be used for measuring volume? |
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Pipettes |
Which glassware should be used for measuring volume? |
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Water Acid Acid Water Acid |
Never pour ------- into a(n) -----. Always pour ------ into -----. This dilutes the -----. |
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Null hypothesis |
States that the expected cause (independent variable) has no idea effect on the outcome (dependent variable). |
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Hypothesis |
A rational explanation of a phenomenon that has not been proven; it is the starting point for scientific experimentation and is an empirically testable conjecture |
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Hypothesis |
A rational explanation of a phenomenon that has not been proven; it is the starting point for scientific experimentation and is an empirically testable conjecture |
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Theory |
An explanation of a natural phenomenon supported by many observations and experiments. |
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Fact |
Something that is always true, such as an incident that really happened. |
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Scientific law |
A formal scientific statement that describes a phenomenon that has been scientifically proven to be absolutely and invariably occur under given conditions. |
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Scientific law |
A formal scientific statement that describes a phenomenon that has been scientifically proven to be absolutely and invariably occur under given conditions. |
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Models |
Simplified substitutes that make concepts or processes easier to visualize and understand. |
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Scientific law |
A formal scientific statement that describes a phenomenon that has been scientifically proven to be absolutely and invariably occur under given conditions. |
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Models |
Simplified substitutes that make concepts or processes easier to visualize and understand. |
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Scientific design |
Procedure used to create a fair test of a hypothesis. |
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Experimental design |
The blueprint of an experiment that allows for fair testing of a hypothesis |
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Independent variable |
The factor being tested and is the variable that is manipulated by the researcher. |
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Independent variable |
The factor being tested and is the variable that is manipulated by the researcher. |
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Dependent variable |
A measurement of the independent variable |
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Test group |
The selected participants in the group that is in keeping the intent of the independent variable |
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Test group |
The selected participants in the group that is in keeping the intent of the independent variable |
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Control group |
A subset of the target group; it is used as a comparison for the test group. |
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Treatment group |
The population that will receive the independent variable treatment. |
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Treatment group |
The population that will receive the independent variable treatment. |
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Uncontrollable variable |
A major source of experimental error and may render the data useless |
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Treatment group |
The population that will receive the independent variable treatment. |
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Uncontrollable variable |
A major source of experimental error and may render the data useless |
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Precision |
How close several measured values are to each other. |
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Treatment group |
The population that will receive the independent variable treatment. |
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Uncontrollable variable |
A major source of experimental error and may render the data useless |
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Precision |
How close several measured values are to each other. |
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Accuraxy |
How close the measured values are to the true or actual value. |
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Treatment group |
The population that will receive the independent variable treatment. |
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Uncontrollable variable |
A major source of experimental error and may render the data useless |
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Precision |
How close several measured values are to each other. |
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Accuraxy |
How close the measured values are to the true or actual value. |
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Borosilicate glassware (Pyrex or kimax) |
When heating, what kind of glassware should be used to avoid breaking and/or explosive shattering. |
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Line graphs |
Compares data that shows continuous change. |
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Bar graph |
Most useful in showing the rank order of several different treatments or trends. |
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Bar graph |
Most useful in showing the rank order of several different treatments or trends. |
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Pie graph |
Designed to show parts of a whole |
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Bar graph |
Most useful in showing the rank order of several different treatments or trends. |
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Pie graph |
Designed to show parts of a whole |
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J.J. Thomson |
Which chemist demonstrated that electrons are a part of the atom? |
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Bar graph |
Most useful in showing the rank order of several different treatments or trends. |
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Pie graph |
Designed to show parts of a whole |
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J.J. Thomson |
Which chemist demonstrated that electrons are a part of the atom? |
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Beta |
Which type of radioactive decay increases the atomic number by one? |
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Bar graph |
Most useful in showing the rank order of several different treatments or trends. |
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Pie graph |
Designed to show parts of a whole |
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J.J. Thomson |
Which chemist demonstrated that electrons are a part of the atom? |
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Beta |
Which type of radioactive decay increases the atomic number by one? |
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Amorphous |
Type of solid has no regular or repeating arrangement of particles? |
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Bar graph |
Most useful in showing the rank order of several different treatments or trends. |
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Pie graph |
Designed to show parts of a whole |
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J.J. Thomson |
Which chemist demonstrated that electrons are a part of the atom? |
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Beta |
Which type of radioactive decay increases the atomic number by one? |
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Amorphous |
Type of solid has no regular or repeating arrangement of particles? |
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Gay-Lussac's |
Which law states that for a fixed amount that an ideal gas at a given volume, the pressure of the gas is directly proportional to its absolute Kelvin temperature? |
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Positron |
What is formed when a proton reforms into a neutron? |
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Boyle's Law |
P1V1=P2V2 is the mathematical representation of what? |
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Strong nuclear force |
What structure appears to be the glue that holds the nucleus together? |
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Molecular |
Which type of solid is composed of regularly arranged individual molecules that are sometimes hydrogen bonded to each other? |
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Gamma |
Which type of radiation travels faster and penetrates deeper than other types of radiation? |
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Half-lofe |
The amount of one required to decay one-half of the original sample |
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Radiation |
The process of emitting radiant energy. Particles and nuclear energy are released. |
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Isotopes |
Atoms of the same element that hade a different number of neutrons |
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Isotopes |
Atoms of the same element that hade a different number of neutrons |
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# of electrons and their proton balance |
The atomic size of an atom is dependent upon what two things? |
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Solid, liquid, gas, plasma |
States of matter |
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Solid, liquid, gas, plasma |
States of matter |
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Solid |
Definite volume and does not need a container to maintain its shape. |
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Solid, liquid, gas, plasma |
States of matter |
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Solid |
Definite volume and does not need a container to maintain its shape. |
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Ionic, molecular, network, and metallic |
Four types of crystalline solids |
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Viscosity |
The resistance of liquid to flow |
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Surface tension |
Measure of the resistance of liquid to spread out. |
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Surface tension |
Measure of the resistance of liquid to spread out. |
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Charles law |
A fixed amount of ideal gas at s given pressure; the volume of that gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature |
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Physical change |
A change that alters the physical state of a substance without changing its composition or forming a new product. |
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Chemical change |
A change in which a chemical reaction occurs |
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Chemical change |
The bonds are broken in this kind of change and new ones are formed. |
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Law of conservation of mass and energy |
Atoms and energy cannot be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction |
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Law of conservation of mass and energy |
Atoms and energy cannot be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction |
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Energy |
The capacity to do work. |
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Law of conservation of mass and energy |
Atoms and energy cannot be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction |
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Energy |
The capacity to do work. |
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Law of conservation of energy |
The total energy within a system cannot change |
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Law of conservation of mass and energy |
Atoms and energy cannot be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction |
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Energy |
The capacity to do work. |
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Law of conservation of energy |
The total energy within a system cannot change |
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Potential energy |
This type of energy is stored energy |
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Law of conservation of mass and energy |
Atoms and energy cannot be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction |
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Energy |
The capacity to do work. |
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Law of conservation of energy |
The total energy within a system cannot change |
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Potential energy |
This type of energy is stored energy |
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Kinetic energy |
The energy of motion or action |
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Heat |
Thermal energy that is moving from a hot to a colder temperature |
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James Chadwick |
Discovered the neutron (uncharged particle found in nucleus) |
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Network solid |
Covalently bonded solids that form a 3d array. (Ex: diamond) |
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Melting |
Converting solid to liquid in an endothermic process |
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Freezing |
Exothermic process of converting a liquid to a solid |
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Range of motion |
Liquid particles have a greater ---- of ------. |
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Temperature |
Measure of heat energy in a system |
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Thermal energy |
Type of energy stored in an object and is a measure of the random kinetic energy of each atom in that object |
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Specific heat |
The amount of heat required to increase the temperature of a unit mass of a substance (1 degree Celsius) |
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Entropy |
Measure of the randomness of the universe. It also tells how much energy is available to do work. |
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Democritus |
Created the term atom |
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Atoms |
Smallest part of an element that retains the properties of that element; made of protons, neutrons, and electrons. |
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Dalton's law |
States that all matter is made of very small and nonbreakable particles called atoms. All atoms of the same element are similar, & atoms of a different element are different. |
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Niels Bohr |
Discovered that electrons travel around the nucleus in well-defined energy levels. |
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Ernest Rutherford |
Determined: Protons have a positive charge and are located in nucleus Most of the atom is empty space Negative electrons swarm around positive nucleus |
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Speed, velocity, & acceleration |
Three concepts that describe the fundamentals of motion |
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Speed, velocity, & acceleration |
Three concepts that describe the fundamentals of motion |
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Speed |
The distance traveled divided by the one it took to travel that distance |
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Speed, velocity, & acceleration |
Three concepts that describe the fundamentals of motion |
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Speed |
The distance traveled divided by the one it took to travel that distance |
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Velocity |
Speed of an object in a given direction |
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Speed, velocity, & acceleration |
Three concepts that describe the fundamentals of motion |
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Speed |
The distance traveled divided by the one it took to travel that distance |
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Velocity |
Speed of an object in a given direction |
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When the direction of the object changes |
What causes the velocity of an object to change? |
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Acceleration |
Rate at which the velocity of an object changes over time |
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If the speed or direction of the object changes |
What causes the acceleration of an object to change? |
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If the speed or direction of the object changes |
What causes the acceleration of an object to change? |
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Positive and negative acceleration |
What are the two types of acceleration? |
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If the speed or direction of the object changes |
What causes the acceleration of an object to change? |
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Positive and negative acceleration |
What are the two types of acceleration? |
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Velocity divided by time |
What is the mathematical equation for acceleration? |
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M/s/s or meters per second squared |
What is the unit for acceleration? |
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Morion |
Change in an object's position relative to a fixed reference point |
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Morion |
Change in an object's position relative to a fixed reference point |
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Straight- line Projectile Circular Periodic |
What are the four types of motion? |
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Motion |
Change in an object's position relative to a fixed reference point |
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Straight- line Projectile Circular Periodic |
What are the four types of motion? |
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Straight-line motion |
Motion in one direction and is similar to a ray in geometric terms. |
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Driving your vehicle directly east |
What is an example of straight-line motion? |
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Speed traveling |
What has zero effect on straight-line motion? |
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Driving your vehicle directly east |
What is an example of straight-line motion? |
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Speed traveling |
What has zero effect on straight-line motion? |
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Projectile |
An object that is influenced by gravity only |
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Driving your vehicle directly east |
What is an example of straight-line motion? |
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Speed traveling |
What has zero effect on straight-line motion? |
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Projectile |
An object that is influenced by gravity only |
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Projectile motion |
Motion of an object that is shot, dropped, thrown, launched, or otherwise thrown into air |
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Driving your vehicle directly east |
What is an example of straight-line motion? |
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Speed traveling |
What has zero effect on straight-line motion? |
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Projectile |
An object that is influenced by gravity only |
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Projectile motion |
Motion of an object that is shot, dropped, thrown, launched, or otherwise thrown into air |
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Circular motion |
Motion along a circular path or orbit |
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Periodic motion |
Motion that is repeated in equal intervals. |
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Newton's first law of motion |
An object continues in a state of rest or at uniform velocity unless acted upon by an unbalanced force |
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Law of inertia |
Objects at rest tend to stay at rest and objects in motion tend to stay in motion unless an unbalanced force acts upon the object |
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Inertia |
Often described as the resistance to a change in motion. |
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Inertia |
Often described as the resistance to a change in motion. |
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The mass an object has |
What is the amount of inertia that an object has dependent on? |
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Inertia |
Often described as the resistance to a change in motion. |
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The mass an object has |
What is the amount of inertia that an object has dependent on? |
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Inertia |
Why does the crash dummy, in a vehicle, continue to move forward when the vehicle comes to a sudden stop? |
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Inertia |
Often described as the resistance to a change in motion. |
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The mass an object has |
What is the amount of inertia that an object has dependent on? |
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Inertia |
Why does the crash dummy, in a vehicle, continue to move forward when the vehicle comes to a sudden stop? |
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Newton's first law of motion |
The inability or ability to move a heavy object is an example of what? |
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Newton's second law of motion |
These are examples of what: pulling a table cloth from underneath dishes or flicking a paper from beneath a coin |
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Newton's second law of motion |
These are examples of what: pulling a table cloth from underneath dishes or flicking a paper from beneath a coin |
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Mass |
What is inertia based on |
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Balance |
Mass is measured on what? |
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Balance |
Mass is measured on what? |
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Scale |
Weight is measure on ? |
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Balance |
Mass is measured on what? |
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Scale |
Weight is measure on ? |
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Inertia |
Mass is a measure of what |
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Balance |
Mass is measured on what? |
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Scale |
Weight is measure on ? |
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Inertia |
Mass is a measure of what |
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Forve |
What is a push or pull |
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Friction |
Force that opposes the relative motion of all moving bodies |
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Friction |
Reduces motion |
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Newton's third law |
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction |
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Electrical energy |
Energy created by other types of energy, such as using chemical, nuclear, or perhaps solar energy to spin an electrical generator |
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Light or radiant energy |
Includes spectrum of electromagnetic waves: sunlight, radio waves, and microwaves |
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Mechanical energy |
Energy contained within an object due to its motion or position |
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Thermal energy |
Amount of heat contained within an object |
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Power |
Rate at which work is done |
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Watr |
One joule per second is what? |
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The flow of energy from one place to the next |
The watt is generally used to describe what? |
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Horsepower |
The measure of work being done by a force |
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Machine |
A device that changes direction or size, or both, of a force |
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Newton's third law |
Describes force acting in pairs |
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Work |
Product of force and distance |
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Work |
The transfer of energy is know as what |
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Joule |
What unit is work measured in? |
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Enerfy |
A systems ability to make changes |
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Joule |
What is the unit for energy |
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Thermal Chemical Electrical Light/radiant Mechanical |
What are the five types of energy |
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Power |
Rate at which work is done |
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Chemical energy |
This power is stored in molecules such as glucose and powers your body & batteries. |
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Electrical energy |
Created by other types of energy. (Nuclear, chemical, solar) |
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Mechanical energy |
Energy contained within an object due to its motion or position |
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Thermal energy |
Amount of heat contained within an object |
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Power |
Rate at which work is done |
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Power |
The rate at which one form of energy is transferred into another form of energy |
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Watt |
What is generally used to describe the flow of energy from one place to another |
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Horsepower |
The measure of work being done by a force |
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Machine |
A device that changes the direction or size, or both, of a force |
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Machine |
A device that changes the direction or size, or both, of a force |
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Input foece |
The work done when a force is applied to a machine |
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Work output |
Work done by the machine |
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Lever |
What increases the force and decreases the distance |
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Lever |
What increases the force and decreases the distance |
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Mechanical advantage |
The ability of a machine to increase force |
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Lever |
What increases the force and decreases the distance |
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Mechanical advantage |
The ability of a machine to increase force |
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Mechanical advantage |
A comparison of the input and output forces in a system |
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Simple machine |
The simplest device that provides a mechanical advantage by changing the direction or magnitude of a force. |
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Inclined plane Lever Pulley Screw Wedge Wheel and axle |
What are the six kinds of simple machines? |
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Inclined plane Lever Pulley Screw Wedge Wheel and axle |
What are the six kinds of simple machines? |
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Inclined plane |
Slanting surface that connects a lower level to a higher level |
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Inclined plane Lever Pulley Screw Wedge Wheel and axle |
What are the six kinds of simple machines? |
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Inclined plane |
Slanting surface that connects a lower level to a higher level |
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Lever |
A rigid structure that lifts or moves loads and rests on a fulcrum |
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Inclined plane Lever Pulley Screw Wedge Wheel and axle |
What are the six kinds of simple machines? |
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Inclined plane |
Slanting surface that connects a lower level to a higher level |
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Lever |
A rigid structure that lifts or moves loads and rests on a fulcrum |
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First class lever |
The fulcrum is between the input and the load |
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Inclined plane Lever Pulley Screw Wedge Wheel and axle |
What are the six kinds of simple machines? |
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Inclined plane |
Slanting surface that connects a lower level to a higher level |
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Lever |
A rigid structure that lifts or moves loads and rests on a fulcrum |
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First class lever |
The fulcrum is between the input and the load |
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First class lever |
This kind of lever always changes the direction of the input force |
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Inclined plane Lever Pulley Screw Wedge Wheel and axle |
What are the six kinds of simple machines? |
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Inclined plane |
Slanting surface that connects a lower level to a higher level |
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Lever |
A rigid structure that lifts or moves loads and rests on a fulcrum |
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First class lever |
The fulcrum is between the input and the load |
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First class lever |
This kind of lever always changes the direction of the input force |
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Seesaw or teeter-totter |
Examples of first class lever |
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Second class lever |
The fulcrum is at one end of the rigid structure and the load is before the input force on the other end of the rigid structure |
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Second class lever |
This lever Does not change the direction of the input force, but do allow less force to be exerted than the force exerted by the load. |
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Second class lever |
Create a mechanical advantage of more than one |
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Second class lever |
Create a mechanical advantage of more than one |
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Wheelbarrow |
Most common example of a second class lever |
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Third class lecer |
The fulcrum is at one end of the rigid structure and the input force before the load or output force on the other end. |
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Third class lever |
This lever does not change the direction or increase the input force. |
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Third class lever |
Which lever has a lesser out of force than the input force it has. |
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Third class lever |
Creates a mechanical advantage less than one |
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Third class lever |
Creates a mechanical advantage less than one |
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Pulley |
An axel through a grooved wheel, around which s cord, rope, or cable is used to raise or poet objects. |
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Third class lever |
Creates a mechanical advantage less than one |
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Pulley |
An axel through a grooved wheel, around which s cord, rope, or cable is used to raise or poet objects. |
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Increase it |
A pulley system does what to the mechanical advantage |
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Fixed, moveable, block and tackle |
Three kinds of pulleys |
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Fixed pulley |
Single pulley they is attached to an unmovable object |
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Fixed pulley |
Single pulley they is attached to an unmovable object |
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Moveable pulley |
This pulley is attached to the load. |
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Block and tackle |
combination of fixed and moveable pulleys |
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The number of rope segments in use |
The mechanical advantage of a block and tackle is equal to what? |
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The number of rope segments in use |
The mechanical advantage of a block and tackle is equal to what? |
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Screw |
An inclined plane wrapped around a central vertical line or cylinder |
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Screw |
Turns rotating motion into linear motion |
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Screw |
Turns rotating motion into linear motion |
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Wedge |
An inclined plane or pair of inclined planes that can be moved to separate two substances |
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Wedge |
Often used for cutting substances (knife) |
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Wheel and axle |
Consists of two circular objects of different sizes, such as a central rod or rigid structure, which are perpendicular and through a wheel |
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Wheel and axle |
Consists of two circular objects of different sizes, such as a central rod or rigid structure, which are perpendicular and through a wheel |
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Roll objects Turning off liquids |
Uses of wheel and axle |
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Torque |
Measure of how much a force acting on an object causes the object to rotate |
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Torque |
Measure of how much a force acting on an object causes the object to rotate |
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Torque |
A twist or rotation |
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Torque |
Measure of how much a force acting on an object causes the object to rotate |
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Torque |
A twist or rotation |
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Center of rotation |
The point or line around which an object rotates |
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Torque |
Measure of how much a force acting on an object causes the object to rotate |
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Torque |
A twist or rotation |
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Center of rotation |
The point or line around which an object rotates |
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The center of the lid is the jar's center of rotation |
Give and example of center of rotation |
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Length of torque arm x force |
What is the math equation for calculating torque |
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Momentum |
A vector quantity ths this defined as a product of the objects mass and its velocity |
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Momentum |
The tendency of an object to keep moving in the same direction and with the same speed |
