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61 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are 3 main functions of the NS
1. monitor changes in internal and external exvironment thorough sensory input
2. Process and interpret the sensory input and decides how to respond (integration)
3. Causes a resonpse (motor output)
What are the main components of CNS
the brain and spinal cord
What is main function of CNS
is the interegating and control center
What are the main compontes of teh PNS
Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
What is the main function of PNS
serves as the communcaiton lines between teh CNS and the rest of the body
What are the 2 functional subdivision of the PNS
sensory or AFFERNT division and Motor (EFFERENT) division
What composes the sensory or afferent division and the function
Somatic (body) carry impules to skin to CNS
Visceral carry impules from organ to the CNS
What composes the motor or efferent division
of the PNS transmits impulses FROM the CNS to effector organs
What are 2 main parts of the MOTOR division
ANS and the Somatic Nervous system
WHat is the somatic nervous system
conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles and is VOLUNTARY
What composes the Aoutonmic Nervous Systems (ANS)
Involuntary (VISERAL) motor
What is function of ANS
conduts impulese from CNS to cardiaci, smooth muscles,and glands
What are 2 functional subdivision of ANS
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous sytem
Sympathetic (fight or flight) what is function of parasympathetic
conserves energy, and NON-emergy function
What are special characteristic of neurons
1. extreme longevity
2. amitotic (cannot divide)
3. HIGH metabolic rate
4. conduct nerve impulses
The brian and spinal cord contain both CELL bodies and processes, what mainly composes PNS
consists of axons (nerve processes)
What are bundles of neurons in CNS called versus PNS
Bundles in CNS called TRACTS

Bundles in PNS called nerves
What are dendrites
short branches, and main input regions
Each neruon has a SINGLE axon, what does it do
generate NERVE impulse and transmits it
What are axon collateral
extend from teh axon at more of less right angles
What are the functional classes of neurons
1. Afferent Neurons
2. Efferent Neurons
3. Interneurons
Virtually of Afferent Neurons in PNS are unipolar explain
2 axons and cell body between with no axons
What is an interneuron, and where are mainly located (MOST PREVALENT)
shuttle signals through the CNS--located in CNS
What a efferent neurons
motor neurons, conduct impulses from interneurons to sensory organ
THe nervous system is made of 2 principal cells
Neurons and Glial cells
What are 4 glial cells in CNS
Astrocytes, Microglia, Ependymal, and Oligodendrocytes
What are the functions of star shapped astrocytes
cover nearby cappilaries and make exchanges of nutrients, pick up NTs and BBB
What are Microglia cells
like macrophages clean up debris
What are Ependymal cells
lines cavites of brain and spinal cord and help move CSF
What are 2 myelin forming cells
Oligodendryocytes (CNS)
Schwann Cells (PNS)
WHat is anterograde movment
movement of the electrical signal towards the AXON terminal
What is retograde movement
movenet in the oppostiste direction towards cell body
What is benefit of retrograde
recycling
What is negative of retrograde
transport of viruses (rabies, polio, herpes simlex, adn tetanus
What is mechanism of anterograde movement
The kinesin protein with a NT binds to the microtubles and moves down until it discharges NT
What is mechanism of retrograde movement
THe protein DYNEIN binds a recycled NT and then binds to microtubles which shuttle to cell body
Can nerves in the CNS be regenerated AND WHY, what can
NOT CNS, THEIR SUPPORTING CELLS PREVENT, oligodendrocytes die and fail to guide fiber regrowth--regeneration--ONLY PNS
What is required for regeneration of a nerve in PNS
ONLY AXON can regenerate--cell body cannot
Where do sensory impulses enter spinal cord, as and 1st synpase on
spinal nerves eneter the dorsal root and synpase on DRG, which then continue on as white matter or synpase on gray matter
What is the resting membran protential
-70 mV
What is the role of the Na/K+ ATPase pump
is ALWAYS ON...maintains the concentration gradients
What is the role of K+
K+ has leaky channel (always open) so it going down its concentration gradient until and estabilish the -70mV
What does K+ establish
the RESTING MEMBRANE potential
What is the ECF concentration of Na+ and K+
150 MEQ NA
5 MEQ K+
What is the ICF concentration of Na+ and K+
150+ K
15 NA
WHat are action potentials
Large (100mV) and breif changes in membrane potentials--all or none
Leaking channels are always open, what are types of gated channels (open and close
1. Ligand-gates
2. Voltage gated
3. Mehcanicall gated
WHat type of channels are assoicated with a change in membrane potential
voltage-gates channels
You have an action potential that depolzarizes cells, what happens
OPEN the Na+, rush in making the cell more postive until is reaches theshold (-55)
What happens once you reach theshold
then more and more Na+ open till all are open
What happens after membrane overshoot 0
then have inactivation of Na+ channels, and SLOW open of K+ channels which rush out and repolarize the mebrane
What happens after repolarization
Hyperpolarization, but the K+ channels are slow to close
If ALL action potential are the same--ALL or NONE, then how do increse the intensity of a signal
INCREASED FREQUENCY
How does the abolute refactory period ensure that the action potient is ALL or NONE
cannot stimulate another action potential as Na+ are inactivated rather than closed
What is the relative refactory period
Na+ are closed, and repolarzation is occuring requries a stong stimulus for another action potential to occur
What determines the conduction velcotiy of an action potential
1. Fiber diameter-the larger the faster
2. Myline--triggers saltarory doncution
What is saltaroy conduction
current jumps between myline at nodes of Ranvier which have high Na+ channels
What are EPSP
signals that depolarize membrane--need mutiple to reach theshodl
What is temporal sumation
when one or more presyntatic neurons tramsits impules to help reach theshol several times in a row
What is spatial summation
when the post-synaptic is stimulated AT the SAME TIME mutiple times
What are IPSP
realse of NT--that move the mebrane farther from an AP