Science Exam Revision

Front 1

define Homeostasis

Back 1

the maintenance of a relatively constant internal physiological environment of the body or part of the body under varying external conditions

Front 2

What is the Stimulus response model?

Back 2

stimulus -> change -> receptor -> control centre -> effector -> response

Front 3

What is a receptor?

Back 3

Receptors identify changes inside and outside your body.

Front 4

What is the control centre?

Back 4

Once a stimulus has been detected by a receptor, a message in the form of a nerve impulse travels to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord).

Front 5

What is the effector in the stimulus response model

Back 5

Effectors such as muscles or glands receive the message from the central nervous system to respond in a particular way

Front 6

define positive feedback and give an example

Back 6

positive feedback response adds to the stimulus (increase in oxytocin during child birth)

Front 7

define negative feedback and give an example

Back 7

Negative feedback occur when the response is in an opposite direction to the stimulus.

(body temp goes above normal, hypothalamus detects and sends signals to sweat glands)

Front 8

Define Endocrine Glands

Back 8

ductless glands that secretes hormones directly into blood

Front 9

Define Hormones

Back 9

chemical substances produced by glands and circulated in the blood. Hormones have specific effects in the body.

Front 10

Name two hormones and the gland that produces them + function

Back 10

1.thyroxine produced in the thyroid gland, increases metabolic rate

2.Adrenaline produced in the adrenal medulla, works to supply more blood to muscles for flight or fight

Front 11

How does the body regulate blood sugar levels?

Back 11

if an increase in blood sugar levels is detected by receptors, the pancreas responds by producing insulin, this triggers an uptake of glucose by the liver and muscle cells and the conversion of glucose into glycogen for storage

Front 12

what are the 4 types of receptors?

Back 12

mechano, photo, chemo, thermo

Front 13

what is the difference between the nervous system and the peripheral nervous system?

Back 13

the nervous system is composed of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system are the nerves that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body.

Front 14

what is the nervous system?

Back 14

the system of nerves and nerve centres in an animal in which messages are sent as an electrical and then a chemical impulse.

Front 15

what is the endocrine system?

Back 15

the body system of glands that produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream in order to regulate processes in various organs

Front 16

label this diagram

Back 16

plus insular lobe midbrain + pons + medulla oblongata

Front 17

structure of a neuron

Back 17

workinprogress will do once i figure out what diagram we need to learn

Front 18

define Synapse

Back 18

the gap between neurons

Front 19

define neurotransmitters

Back 19

chemical released from the axon terminals into the synapse between your nerve cells (neurons) during a nerve impulse

Front 20

define Reflex Arc

Back 20

a nervous pathway involving a small number of neurons. A reflex occurs when nervous impulses travel from the receptor to the spinal cord and then to the effector organ.

Front 21

label this diagram of a reflex arc

Back 21

Stimulus, receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron in spinal cord, motor neuron, effector, response

Front 22

what is the function of the frontal lobe?

Back 22

thinking processes - i.e (conscious thoughts, problem solving and decision making)

Front 23

what is the function of the occipital lobe?

Back 23

the occipital lobe is charged with interpreting signals from the eyes to turn them into images.

Front 24

what is the function of the temporal lobe?

Back 24

hearing, memory and speech

Front 25

what is the function of the insular lobe?

Back 25

scientists do not yet know what the insular lobe does.

Front 26

what is the function of the parietal lobe?

Back 26

the senses, taste, touch and temperature

Front 27

what is the function of the corpus callosum?

Back 27

the corpus callosum is the bridge between the two hemispheres, made up of 100 million nerve fibres

Front 28

what is the function of the cerebellum?

Back 28

responsible for balance, coordinates movement and has a role in memory, learning and language.

Front 29

what is the cerebrum?

Back 29

the cerebrum makes up about 90% of the brain and contains the lobes

Front 30

what is the function of the midbrain?

Back 30

information highway of the brain connects the two regions, in between the front and back brains

Front 31

what is the function of the pons?

Back 31

involved in regulating sleep, arousal and breathing, and coordinating some muscle movements

Front 32

what is the function of the medulla oblongata?

Back 32

The medulla oblongata helps regulate breathing, heart and blood vessel function, digestion, sneezing, and swallowing.

Front 33

which hemisphere of the brain could be considered the creative side?

Back 33

right hemisphere

Front 34

define disease

Back 34

any change that impairs the function of an individual in some way and causes harm to the individual

Front 35

two types of disease?

Back 35

infectious and non-infectious

Front 36

what are the 5 ways infectious diseases can spread? + example of a disease

Back 36

direct contact (influenza), vectors(malaria), contaminated objects(fungal infection on floor), contaminated water(cholera), air droplets(influenza)

Front 37

what are the 6 types of pathogens?

Back 37

bacteria, viruses, prions, protozoans, fungi, macroparasites(arthropods and worms)

Front 38

define parasite

Back 38

organism that lives in or on another organism. The parasite benefits while usually harming the host organism.

Front 39

name a disease that each of the pathogens can spread

Back 39

bacteria(cholera), virus(influenza), prions(mad cow disease), protozoans(malaria), fungi(athletes foot), macroparasites(pinworm)

Front 40

what is a prion?

Back 40

non-cellular pathogen prion = protein + infection

the disease converts your normal protein into prion protein

responsible for degenerating neurlogical diseases.

Front 41

what is disease causing bacteria?

Back 41

cellular pathogens consisting of one cell

classified by shape

spherical, rod shaped, spiral shaped

Front 42

what is a virus?

Back 42

non cellular pathogen

consist of DNA or RNA enclosed with protein coats

not considered living

Front 43

what is a parasitic protozoan?

Back 43

single celled organisms, common in tropical diseases,

Front 44

what is a fungi?

Back 44

parasite, feeds on host,

Front 45

what is a macro parasite?(worm/arthropod)

Back 45

larger than fungi, have hooks and suckers, live of host(normally human)

Front 46

name how many lines of defence there are and whether they are non specific or specific

Back 46

3, the first two are non specific the last is specific.

Front 47

what does the first line of defence consist of and what is its purpose?

Back 47

the first line of defence is designed to prevent the entry of invading pathogens

barriers(skin, coughing, cillia and also chemicals in tears, stomach acid and acidic vaginal mucus.

Front 48

what does the second line of defence consist of and what is it's purpose?

Back 48

if pathogens get through the first line of defence then the second comes into play

- consists of inflammation and phagocytes which engulf and destroy foreign particles

Front 49

what does the third line of defence consist of and what is it's purpose?

Back 49

the purpose of the third line is to specifically target pathogens and destroy them

the lymphatic system is involved in this

- b lymphocytes will divide into plasma cells and then produce antibodies specific infection

-T cell lymphocytes attack on a cellular level, they destroy foreign cells and the infected bodies cells

both of these have memory cells meaning they can will remember disease and defeat it easier next time it occurs

Front 50

what is the difference between vaccination and immunity?

Back 50

vaccination is the giving of pathogens to a healthy person in the hope of them devleoping immunity to it

Front 51

what is the difference between active and passive immunity?

Back 51

active immunity is the process where the body makes antibodies to a specific antigen

passive immunity is where you receive antibodies from an outside source

Front 52

define the big bang theory

Back 52

the theory that the universe was created by a singularity formed by concentrated energy exploded over years creating matter and galaxies and stars.

Front 53

what is a galaxy

Back 53

a galaxy is a group of stars

Front 54

what is a nebulae?

Back 54

clusters of galaxies and clouds of dust and dust

Front 55

how is a protostar formed?

Back 55

when the density of gas and dust floating through space reaches 100 atoms per cubic centimetre, at this point gravity takes hold and the mass collapses on itself forming a nebulae.

as the mass collapses further it forms globules, the increasing pressure forms a protostar.

Front 56

list these

Back 56

nebulae, small star, red giant, planetary nebulae, white dwarf, black dwarf

nebulae large star, red supergiant, supernova, neutron star/ black hole

Front 57

what effects what path a star will go down?

Back 57

the amount of dust and gas in the nebulae when the protostar forms effects the initial size

Front 58

what is red shift?

Back 58

red shift is when a star moves away from the Earth it is a shift to lower or redder frequencies

Front 59

what is blue shift?

Back 59

blue shift is when a star moves towards the Earth, it is a shift to higher or blue frequencies

Front 60

according to comsologists when was the universe created

Back 60

15 billion years ago

Front 61

what is the steady state theory

Back 61

the steady state theory is a theory about the creation of the universe that states that the universe was always there, the galaxies are continuously moving away from each other and where there is empty space new stars are made to keep the universe the same

Front 62

name three 3 theories about how the universe may end

Back 62

1.big crunch, where the universe snaps back on itself creating a singularity

2. big chill when all stars use up their fuel and the universe cools down considerably, these pieces would scatter

3.big rip the universe tears itself apart as a result of the increasing expansion rate

Front 63

what is the biosphere?

Back 63

the biosphere is the life support system of the planet

it consists of the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and biota(living things)

Front 64

what is the atmosphere?

Back 64

The Earth’s atmosphere is divided into thetroposphere (lower atmosphere) and the stratosphere

Front 65

what is the hydrosphere?

Back 65

The waters of our planet make up the hydrosphere.

Front 66

what is the lithosphere?

Back 66

Earth’s rocky crust and soil make up the lithosphere.It is within this sphere that igneous, sedimentary andmetamorphic rocks are formed, broken down andchanged from one type to another

Front 67

What is the carbon cycle?

Back 67

the carbon cycle is a cycle showing the processes by which carbon moves through the biosphere

Front 68

what is the nitrogen cycle?

Back 68

The nitrogen cycle models how nitrogen movesthrough the biosphere

Front 69

what is the phosphorus cycle?

Back 69

The phosphorus cycle models how phosphorusmoves from the lithosphere to the hydrosphere andthen through food chains and back.

Front 70

what is the natural greenhouse effect?

Back 70

heat from the earth is radiated outward and absorbed by "greenhouse gases" in the atmosphere. This process prevents heat from disappearing into space and keeps Earth warm enough to sustain life.

Front 71

Why is the greenhouse effect a problem for the world?

Back 71

when people burn fossil fuels especially we release Co2 into the atmosphere this, adds to the greenhouse effect causing the planet to heat up more than normal.

Front 72

what is climate change?

Back 72

an increase in the average temperature of the Earth' atmosphere, especially a sustained increase sufficient to cause climate change

Front 73

what is ozone?

Back 73

a poisonous gas that is formed naturally in the ozone layer normal oxygen but also from exposure to UV light or electrical discharge

Front 74

what is the nucleus of an atom?

Back 74

it is the center, made up of protons and neutrons

Front 75

what is a proton?

Back 75

positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom

Front 76

what is a neutron?

Back 76

neutrally charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom

Front 77

what is an electron?

Back 77

negatively charged particle, very small, orbits the nucleus

Front 78

what are the three types of nuclear radiation?

Back 78

alpha particles, beta particles and gamma particles

Front 79

what are the three types of acid reaction's and what do they produce?

Back 79

acid + base = salt and water

acid + metal = salt +H2

acid + carbonate = salt + Co2 + water

Front 80

if a substance has a pH of 3 is it acidic or basic?

Back 80

it is acidic

Front 81

write the name for CO

Back 81

carbon monoxide

Front 82

what is the difference between an ionic and covalent bond?

Back 82

an ionic bond is the bond between a metal and a non metal, a covalent is between two non metals. for covalent bonds you use prefixes.

Front 83

name the prefixes for chemicals up to 8

Back 83

mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta and octa

Front 84

state the name for N2O3

and whether it is covalent or ionic

Back 84

dinitrogen trioxide

covalent

Front 85

state the formula for calcium hydroxide

Back 85

Ca(OH)2

Front 86

what does an elements atomic number represent?

Back 86

number of protons

Front 87

what is equivalent to # of protons + # of neutrons?

Back 87

mass number

Front 88

what is an ion?

Back 88

a charged particle

Front 89

the charge of an ion is equal to

Back 89

# of electrons gained of lost

Front 90

what do radioactive particles emit?

Back 90

particles and energy

Front 91

what does the pH scale range from?

Back 91

1-14

Front 92

on the pH scale what does water show?

Back 92

water is neutral with a pH of 7

Front 93

what are the two types of circuits?

Back 93

series, parallel

Front 94

in a series circuit that has a battery, 6 globes and a switch, what would happen if one of the globes was to blow out while the switch was closed?

Back 94

all of the globes would stop working because there is no path for the current

Front 95

state the function of the pineal gland

Back 95

produces melatonin which induces sleep and also's wakes someone up

Front 96

what type of pathogen of would be effected by antibiotic drugs?

Back 96

bacteria

Front 97

what is an attenuated pathogen?

Back 97

an attenuated pathogen is a weaker version of a pathogen, attenuated pathogens are used in vaccines

Front 98

what is an endothermic chemical reaction

Back 98

a reaction where heat from the surrounding area is absorbed e.g ammonium nitrate in quick ice pack's

Front 99

what is an exothermic chemical reaction

Back 99

a reaction where heat is released. e.g combustion (burning)

Front 100

what is the law of conversation of mass?

Back 100

the law of conservation of mass is a law that states that energy can neither be created or destroyed.

Front 101

when a metal reacts with hydrochloric acid, the products are:

Back 101

salt + H2

Front 102

which of the following does not contribute to acid rain?

CO2

Nitrogen Oxide's

Active Volcano's

Ozone

Back 102

Active Volcano's

Front 103

Which is heavier:

Alpha particle

Beta particle

Gamma

Hydrogen

Back 103

Alpha

Front 104

Name the following covalent compounds:

No2

CO

CCl4

SO3

Back 104

Nitrogen dioxide

carbon monoxide

carbon tetrachloride

sulphur trioxide

Front 105

balance the following equation

Al + HCl -> H2 + AlCl3

Back 105

2Al + 6HCl -> 3H2 + 2AlCl3

Front 106

what evidence supports the big bang theory?

Back 106

cosmic background microwave radiation

Front 107

Acid Example + Features

Back 107

HCl Acid, corrosive acidic taste sour

Front 108

Base Example + Features

Back 108

Sodium Hydroxide, bitter taste, soapy or slippery feeling

Front 109

what is this?

Back 109

anmeter

Front 110

what is this?

Back 110

voltmeter

Front 111

what is this?

Back 111

globe

Front 112

what is this

Back 112

battery

Front 113

how do you calculate resistance in a series circuit?

Back 113

R1 + R2 + R3 +....... = Rtotal

Front 114

how do you calculate resistance in a parallel circuit?

Back 114

1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 = Rtotal

Front 115

what are the two types of waves?

Back 115

transverse and longitudinal (compression)

Front 116

what is a compression and what is a rarefaction?

Back 116

a compression is the region of air where the particles are closer together, a rarefaction is when the particles are further apart. both are caused by soundwaves

Front 117

what is the frequency of a wave and what is it measured in?

Back 117

number of vibrations in one second, or the number of wavelengths passing in one second. Hertz, (Hz)

Front 118

what is the amplitude of a wave?

Back 118

the amplitude is the distance from the middle of the wave to either of the crests (up or down)

Front 119

what sort of wave is sound moved by?

Back 119

compression wave

Front 120

what is the ossicles?

Back 120

the ossicles are 3 small bones located in the middle ear, they pass vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear

Front 121

what is the eardrum?

Back 121

a flap of membrane which vibrated according to vibrations from the world

Front 122

what is the cochlea?

Back 122

the snail-shaped part of the inner ear. It is lined with tiny hairs that are vibrated by sound and stimulate the hearing receptors.

Front 123

what is a luminous object?

Back 123

objects that emit light

Front 124

what is a transparent object?

Back 124

object that lets enough light through for objects on the other side to be clear

Front 125

what is a translucent object?

Back 125

allows light through imperfectly so you can see stuff on the other side

Front 126

opaque?

Back 126

cant see through

Front 127

what is the cornea?

Back 127

the cornea is the curved surface on the outside of the eye (coloured part of the eye)

Front 128

what is the retina?

Back 128

the screen in the back of the eye that is sensitive to light and sends signals to the brain

Front 129

what is the pupil?

Back 129

a ring of muscles that light enters through

Front 130

what is a converging lens?

Back 130

a lens which converges light towards one spot

Front 131

what is a diverging lens?

Back 131

a lens which diverts light

Front 132

on the periodic table how are the elements ordered?

Back 132

by atomic number

Front 133

what are some of the groups on the periodic table and where are they located? (do 3)

Back 133

Noble gases (far right), halogens (far right left one), alkali metals (far left row excluding hydrogen)