Science Chapter 9 & 10

Front 1

a substance that is prepared from killed or weakened disease-causing agents, including certain bacteria.

Back 1

Vaccine

Front 2

or able to cause disease.

Back 2

Virulent

Front 3

is a change in genotype caused when cells take up foreign genetic material.

Back 3

Transformation

Front 4

referred to as phage, is a virus that infects bacteria.

Back 4

Bacteriophage

Front 5

two strands twisted around each other; like a winding staircase.

Back 5

Double Helix

Front 6

subunits that make up DNA.

Back 6

Nucleotides

Front 7

five=carbon sugar in DNA nucleotides, from which DNA gets its full name deoxyribonucleic acid.

Back 7

Deoxyribose

Front 8

the rules stating that cytosine pairs with guanine and adenine pairs with thymine in DNA, and that adenine pairs with uracil in RNA

Back 8

Base-Pairing Rules

Front 9

a characteristic of nucleic acids in which the sequence of bases on one strand is paired to the sequence of bases on the other

Back 9

Complementary Base Pairs

Front 10

the process of making a copy of DNA

Back 10

DNA Replication

Front 11

open the double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds that link the complementary nitrogen bases between the two strands.

Back 11

DNA Helicases

Front 12

the area where the double helix separates

Back 12

Replications Forks

Front 13

at the replication fork, enzymes known as this move along each of the DNA streams.

Back 13

DNA Polymerases

Front 14

a molecule made of nucleotides linked together

Back 14

RNA

Front 15

RNA nucleotides have a nitrogen base

Back 15

Uracil

Front 16

the instructions for making a protein are transferred from a gene to an RNA molecule in a process called

Back 16

Transcription

Front 17

cells then use two different types of RNA to read the instructions on the RNA molecule and put together the amino acids that make up the protein in a process called

Back 17

Translation

Front 18

the entire process by which proteins are made based on the information encoded in DNA is called

Back 18

Gene Expression

Front 19

an enzyme that adds and links complementary RNA nucleotides during transcription is required.

Back 19

RNA Polymerase

Front 20

is a form of RNA that carries the instructions for making a protein from a gene and delivers it to the site of translation

Back 20

Messenger RNA

Front 21

the RNA instructions are written as a series of three nucleotide sequences on the mRNA

Back 21

Codons

Front 22

amino acids and "start" and "stop" signals that are coded for by each of the possible 64 mRNA codons

Back 22

Genetic Code

Front 23

molecules are single strands of RNA that temporarily carry a specific amino acid on one end.

Back 23

Transfer RNA

Front 24

a three-nucleotide sequence on a tRNA that is complementary to a mRNA codon.

Back 24

Anticodon

Front 25

molecules are RNA molecules that are part of the structure of ribosomes.

Back 25

Ribosomal RNA

Front 26

the piece of DNA that overlaps the promoter site and serves as the on-off switch

Back 26

Operator

Front 27

in bacteria, a group of genes that code for enzymes involved in the same function, their promoter site, and the operator that controls them all function together as an

Back 27

Operon

Front 28

the operon that controls the metabolism of lactose

Back 28

Lac Operon

Front 29

a protein that binds to an operator and physically blocks RNA polymerase from binding to a promoter site

Back 29

Repressor

Front 30

long segments of nucleotides that have no coding information

Back 30

Introns

Front 31

proteins of a gene that are translated into proteins.

Back 31

Exons

Front 32

a single nucleotide changes.

Back 32

Point Mutation