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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Spontaneous Generation (abiogenesis) |
- First to propose theory: Aristotle - Idea that life originated from non-living things. (Ex. maggots arising from rotting meat) |
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Biology |
- the study of living things - all things: • need energy • produces waste • reproduce • grow • respond and adapt to their environment |
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Francesco Redi |
- disagreed w Aristotle - Experiment: first to conduct a controlled experiment to test the concept of abiogenesis. Hypothesized that maggots hatched from the objects dropped by flies |
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Scientific Process: 1 - Independent (manipulated) Variable 2 - Dependant (responding) Variable 3 - Controlled Variable |
1 - the thing that is changed 2 - the thing measured 3 - the thing that stays the same throughout |
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Louis Pasteur |
- helped the theory of biogenesis - many people believe that the air has an “active principle” that helps with the generation of microorganisms - Louis thought that this “active principal” in the air was an organism - made an experiment with a unique swan like flask and boiled broth in a tube connected to it - hypothesized that microorganisms wouldn’t be able to reach the broth because they would settle in the bottom of the bend of the tube due to gravity. It would trap the microorganisms and stop microbial growth |
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Biogenesis |
- proposed by Rudolf Virchow (German scientist in 1858) - the theory that living organisms could only from only other living organisms |
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First Microscopes Invented by: |
- Hans Lippershey - Hans & Zacharias Janssen - Antony Van Leeuwenhoek - Isaac Newton ~ allowed us to be able to discover cells and advance the science of biology |
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Robert Hooke |
- observed the bark of a tree under a microscope and saw that they looked like little rooms that monks lived in called “cells” |
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Antony Van Leeuwenhoek |
- the 1st person to describe single-celled organisms, he referred to as “animalcules” |
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Matthias Jakob Schleiden & Theodor Schwann |
- started the cell theory - Schleiden noted all plants are made of cells - Schwann noted all animal tissues are made of cells - concluded: all living things are made of 1 or more cells |
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Rudolf Virchow |
- started biogenesis - showed in experiments that bone cells could develop from cartilage cells - concluded: a cell comes from a previous cell |
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Cell Theory |
1. All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells 2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms 3. All cells come from existing cells |
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Types of Microscopes |
1. Simple compound light microscopes - uses light to pass through a specimen and 2 or more lens to create an image - low magnifying power - creates 2D images ~ Electron Microscopes - specimens are illuminated with a beam of electrons instead of light - enhanced image quality - greater magnifying power - high resolution 2. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) - Canadian scientists improved design - produces 2D images magnified 10 000x to 100 000x 3. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) - makes a 3D image - SEM can reach a magnification of 300 000x 4. Confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) - a laser beam is directed at one plane, then another, and so on - creates slices of an object to make a 3D image 5. Scanning tunnelling microscope - see at atomic level (atoms) - stronger than electron microscopes (most powerful) |
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DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid |
- contains: sugar phosphate backbone, base pairs Bases are: Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) |
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Cancer |
- Causes: mutations in DNA, inherited, unknown, - stops regular function, rapid cell growth |
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Stem cells |
- Unspecialized "blank slate cells" - all cells come from stem cells - they become specialized and then develop into specific types (ex. red blood cells) - scientists use them to create various types of cells/tissues (ex. 3D print organs) |
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Cellular respiration |
- opposite of photosynthesis |
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Open/closed systems |
- Open: absorb nutrients and excrete wastes (cells act like) - process of diffusion. Open allows both energy and matter enter and exit. - Closed: |
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Cell Membrane aka Plasma Membrane |
- all cells have them - boundary that separates cell interior from environment - prevents unwanted materials from entering - allow needed mats (semi-permeable) - made of lipids - proteins are embedded in membrane (can act as passageways for subs to travel through or communicate info from outside cell to nucleus) ** make difs between plant and animals cells |
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Nucleus |
- Manages cell & directs activities - directs activities in a cell - contains DNA (found in chromosomes) - messenger molecules “read” the DNA and leave the nucleus to find ribosomes - ribosomes turn DNA into protein |
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Lysosomes |
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