Science Chapter 1-Section 2&3 On Cells

Front 1

What is a cell wall?

Back 1

--The cell wall is a rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.
--The cell walls helps to protect and support the cell.
--It is protected by a strong material called cellulose.
--The cell wall is tough, but many materials pass through, such as water and oxygen.

--The cells of animals, in contrast, do not have cell walls.

Front 2

What is a cell membrane?

Back 2

The cell membrane controls what substances come into and out of a cell.
All cells have cell membranes. In plants, the cell membrane is located just inside the cell wall.
In other cells without a cell wall, the cell membrane forms the outside boundary that separates the cell from its environment.
Everything from food to oxygen enters through the cell membrane.
Harmful waste products leave the cell trhough the cell membrane.
For a cell to survive, the cell membrane must allow these materials to pass in and out.
It prevents harmful materials from entering the cell.
It is like a window screen that allows air to enter and leave, but keeps out the insects.

Front 3

What is the function of a cell wall?

Back 3

To help protect and support the cell.

Front 4

What is the organelles?

Back 4

--Tiny cell structures that carry out specific functions within the cell.
--Each organelles has a different function like a stomach, lungs and heart.

Front 5

How are animal cells different from plants cells?

Back 5

Plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts.
Animal cells do not.

Front 6

What is the nucleus?

Back 6

--The nucleus is a cell's control center directing all the cells activities.

Front 7

Where is the nucleus in genetic material found?

Back 7

In strands called chromatin.

Front 8

Why do you think different cells look so different from other another?

Back 8

Because they have differnt functions in the organism.

Front 9

Which organelles are found only in plant cells? Which are found in both plants and animals?

Back 9

--Cells walls and chloroplasts are found in plant cells.

--Most organnels are found in both plant and animal cells

Front 10

What are golgi bodies?

Back 10

--A golgi bodies are organelles that transport materials.
--They look like flattened sacs and tubes.
It is thought of as the cell's mail room.
The golgi bodies receive proteins and other newly formed materials from the endoplasmic reticulum, package them, and distribute them to other parts of the cell.
They also release materials outside the cell.

Front 11

What is a tissue?

Back 11

A tissue is a group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function.

Front 12

What are different types of tissues working together called?

Back 12

An organ

Front 13

What is an organ system?

Back 13

A group of organs that work together to perform a major function.

Front 14

Blood is able to circulate through the human body because of the heart and blood vessels. Is this an example of tissues, organs, or an organ system?

Back 14

--This is an organ system called the circulatory system.
--The heart and blood vessels are organs of this system.

Front 15

How would you compare the nerve cell from the red blood cells?

Back 15

The nerve cell has extensions, and the red blood cells look flattened or donut-shaped.

Front 16

How do you think each cell's shape helps to do its job?

Back 16

The extensions on nerve cells help them reach out and send messages to ther cells; the flatness of red blood cells helps them squeeze through tiny blood vessels.

Front 17

Locate the cell wall and the cell membrane. Where is the genetic material?

Back 17

In the cytoplasm.

Front 18

What organelles found in plant or animal cells do the bacterial cells appear to be lacking?

Back 18

Nucleus, mitochondria, chloraplasts, and endoplasmic reticulum.

Front 19

How does the location of the genetic material in the bacteria differ from its location in animal and plants cells?

Back 19

In bacterial cells, the genetic material is located in the cytoplasm; in plant and animal cells, the genetic material is found in the nuclei.

Front 20

Compare and contrast nerve cells, red blood cells and bone cells.

Back 20

--A nerve celll has long, thin projection. It carries information throughout the human body.
A red blood cell is shaped like a disk. It carries oxygen.
--Bone cells are round and surrounded by concentric circles. Bone cells produce chemicals that strengthen bone.

Front 21

What are Chloroplasts?

Back 21

--Chloroplasts capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell.
--Chloroplast make leaves green.
--Only the cells of plants and some other organism have these green organelles called chloroplasts.

Front 22

What are vacuoles?

Back 22

--Water-filled sac that floats in the cytoplasm.
--It is passed the chloroplasts.
--Most plants cells have one large vacuole.
--Some animal cells do not have vacuoles; others do.
Vacuoles store food and other materials needed by the cell.
--Vacuoles can also store waste products.

Front 23

What are lysosomes?

Back 23

Lysosomes are small, round structures containing chemicals that break down certain materials in the cells.
--Some chemicals break down large food particles into smaller ones.
Hysosomes also break down old cell parts and release the substances tso they can be used again.
--In this sense, you can think of lysosomes as the cell's cleanup crew.

Front 24

What organelle captures the energy of sunlight and uses it to make food for the cell?

Back 24

The chloroplast.

Front 25

Organelles in the Cytoplasm

Back 25

The cytoplams is the region between the cell membrance and the nucleus.
It is a clear, thick, gel-like fluid.
The fluid in the cytoplasm is constantly moving.
--Many cell organells are found in the cytoplasm.

Front 26

What is the mitochondria?

Back 26

Mitochondria are rod-shaped structures. These organelles are called mitochondria.
Mitochondria are known as the "powerhoues" of the cell because they convert energy in food molecules to energy the cell can use to carry out its functions.

Front 27

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

Back 27

Endoplasmic reticulum is a maze of passagways called the endoplasmic reticulum.
--The endoplasmic reticulum's passageways carry proteins and other materials from one part of the cell to another.

Front 28

What are ribosomes?

Back 28

Attached to some surfaces of the endoplasmic reticulum are small, granlike bodies called ribosomes.
Other ribosomes float in the cytoplasm.
Ribosomes function as factories to produce proteins.
Some newly made proteins are released through the wall of the endoplasmic reticulum.
From the interior of the endoplasmic reticulum, the proteins will be transported to the Golgi bodies.

Front 29

More on endoplasmic reticulum

Back 29

The endoplasmic reticulum is simillar to the system of hallways in a building.
Proteins and other materials move throughout the cell by way of the endoplasmic reticulum.
The spots on the organned are ribosomes, which produce protein.

Front 30

Where is the nucleus in genetic material found?

Back 30

In the strands called chromatin.

Front 31

What are the Functions of the nucleus?

Back 31

The nucleus directs all of the cell's activities.

Front 32

What keeps material in the nucleus from spilling out?

Back 32

The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear envelope.

Front 33

How do nucleus "know" how to direct the cell?

Back 33

Thin strans of chromatin in the nucleus contain genetic material, the instrtuctions for directing the cell's functions.

Front 34

What is the nucleus?

Back 34

It is where organells that make proteins are produced.

Front 35

How is the nucleus like the manager of a company?

Back 35

The nucleus directs functions of the cell, just as a manager directs functions of a company.

Front 36

Do cells have the same genetic material?

Back 36

--Yes, the same genetic material is found in every cell of an organism.
--Different cells in their bodies, such as skin cells and blood cells, look and functin differntly becasue they respond to different genetic instructions.

Front 37

How is a cook book like the genetic code?

Back 37

--The same cookbook can be used by different cooks to make different recipes.
--Different cells contain a copy of the same cookbook or genetic material , yet the cells look and function differently because they follow different recipes.

Front 38

Remember Virchow proposed that all cells come from cells. How does this explain why all cells in an organism have the same genetic material?

Back 38

Cells get their genetic material from the cell they came from, and an organism grows as cells divide to make new cells.

Front 39

How do ribosomes, Golgi bodies, and the endoplasmic reticulum work together?

Back 39

--Ribosomes make proteins that are released throughtout the endoplasmic reticulum and moved to the Golgi bodies.
--Golgi bodies move materials around and outside the cell.

Front 40

How do chloroplasts, mitochondria, lysosomes, and vacuoles work together in a plant cell?

Back 40

Chloroplasts capture the sun's energy and use it to make food for the cell.
Mitochondria convert energy in food to energy the cell can use.
Lysosomes break down materials, including food particles.
Vacuoles store food and other materials the cell needs.

Front 41

Why are chloroplasts found only in plant cells?

Back 41

Only plants have the ability to capture energy from sunlight and make food.

Front 42

The mitochondria produce most of the cell's energy. In what types of cells would you expect to find a lot of mitochondria?

Back 42

Muscle cells and other active cells.

Front 43

There are specialized cells, such as nerve cells and red blood cells. Explain.

Back 43

Nerve cells are specialized to transmit information from one part of your body to another.
Red blood cells cayy oxygen throughout your body.

Front 44

In many-celled organisms, cells are often organized into tissues, organs and organ systems. What is a tissue?

Back 44

A tissue is a grou of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function.
For example, your brain is made mostly of nervous tissue, which consists of nerve cells.

Front 45

What is an organ?

Back 45

An organ, such as your brain, is made of differnt kinds of tissues that function together.

In addition, to nervous tissue, the brain contains other kinds of tissue that support and protect it. Your brain is part of your nervous sytem which is an organ system that directs body activities and processes.

Front 46

What is an organ system?
Give an example.

Back 46

An organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform a major function.

The nervous system is an organ system.

Front 47

What is a tissue?

Back 47

A group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function.

Front 48

What are the different types of tissues working together called?

Back 48

An organ.

Front 49

Blood is able to circulate through the human body because of the heart and blood vessels. Is this an example of tissues, organis, or an organ systems?

Back 49

This is an example of an organ system called the circulatory system. The heart and blood vessels are organs of this system.

Front 50

Cells have different structures because of their functions. Compare the nerve cell and the red blood cells.

Back 50

The nerve cell has extensions, and the red blood cells look flattened or donut-shaped.

Front 51

How do you think each cell's shape helps to do its job?

Back 51

--The extensions on nerve cells help them reach out and send messages to other cells.
--The flatness of red blood cells helps them squeeze through tiny blood vessels.

Front 52

Plan and animal cells are very different from bacterial cells. How?

Back 52

--Bacterial cells are usually much smaller than plan or animal cells.
A human cell, for example, is about 10 times as large as an average bacterial cell.
--A bacterial cell has a cell wall and cell membrane. It does not contain a nucleus.
The bacterial cells's genetic material, which looks like a thick tangled strain, is found in the cytoplasm.
--Bacterial cells contain ribosomes, but none of the other organelles found in plant or animal cells.