Science As A Way Of Knowing

Front 1

1. What is scientific understanding based upon?

2. Define the term.

3. What's significant about Francis Bacon?

Back 1

1. The scientific Method.

2. A set of systematic methods by which scientists investigate natural phenomenon

3. He constructed the scientific method and emphasized the importance of these steps process with for research

Front 2

List the 7 steps of the Scientific Method

Back 2

1. Make observations and ask a question based on the observations.

2. Develop an answer to the question that is capable of being disproved (a hypothesis).

3. Design a controlled experiment to test the hypothesis

4. Collect data in an organized form

Interpret data visually, quantitatively or by another means

5. Draw conclusions

6. Compare the conclusion with the hypothesis to determine whether the results support or reject the hypothesis.

7. Accepted: Conduct more experiments to strengthen the evidence.

Rejected: Conduct more observations and make a new hypothesis

Front 3

1. What gives us 2 ways of thinking about the environment?

2. What are the two ways of thinking?

3. Why must we distinguish the differences?

Back 3

1. Our cultural heritage

2. a) Everyday life thinking

b) Thinking that scientists try to do

3. To prevent invalid conclusions and errors in environmental decision making.

Front 4

What are the 4 definitions of science?

Back 4

1. A process of discovery- a continuing process who essence is change in ideas

2. A way of knowing that results in conclusions and generalizations, and sometimes theories/laws

3. A way that allows us to explain a phenomenon and make predictions based on knowledge at the present time.

4. The search for understanding

Front 5

1. What does science begin with?

2. What are the 2 things that modern science doesn't deal with?

Back 5

1. With observations arising from curiosity about the natural world.

2. a) Things that can't be tested by observation

b) Observations that involve values

Front 6

When a) can b) cannot a statement be termed as scientific?

Back 6

a) When someone can state of method of disproving the statement

b) When no one can think of a method to disprove the statement

Front 7

Define:

a) Observation

b) Inferences

c) Fact

Back 7

a) Information obtained through the senses or by instruments that go beyond the senses

b) Generalizations that arise from observations

c) An observation about a particular thing that is agreed upon by all.

Front 8

What must occur before an inference can be accepted as a fact?

Back 8

A hypothesis must be generated and tested.

Front 9

1. What's a hypothesis?

2. A tested hypothesis is accepted until _____?

Back 9

1. An explanation set forth in a matter that can be tested and disproved/an answer to a question

2. it is disproved

Front 10

1. What's an IV? Other name?

2. What's a DV? Other name?

3. State the standard formation of a hypothesis.

Back 10

1. A variable that is deliberately changed by the investigator to see if it has an effect on the other variables. Manipulated V.

2. A variable that changes in response to changes in the IV. It is capable of being measured to see the effect the IV has on it. Responding V.

3. The (DV) will (directional change) as the (IV) (directional change), because (rational)

Front 11

1. Why must you only change 1 V at a time?

3. Describe a controlled experiment.

Back 11

1. B/c we wouldn't be able to determine which variable is causing the DV to change if we use more than 1 variable.

2. *1 variable changes each time which may change the DV

* An exact duplicated of the experiment (except with the changed IV) is compared to the control

Front 12

1. What's a variable?

2. What are the 2 types of data? Define each.

3. How do a) normal sciences b) social sciences display their collected data?

Back 12

1. An entity or factor that can be controlled or manipulated

2. a) Quantitative: Numerical

b) Qualitative: Non-numerical

3. a) Statistical b) Visual

Front 13

1. What are the 3 things we need to consider when making a conclusion?

Back 13

1. * Interpret what the data is saying.

* What's going on in the data/graph?

*What's the relationship between the DV and the IV?

Front 14

1. Scientific reasoning combines _____ and ______.

2. Why?

Back 14

1. Inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning

2. Although science begins with observations which lead to generalizations , deductive reasoning is useful in helping scientists analyze whether the conclusion based on inductions is logically valid.