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154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Early microscopes:who was the first inventor? |
Jensen-2 lens system that had 20x |
His name starts with J |
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Who came up with the second microscope? |
Galileo Galilei-came up with a compound microscope |
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Who came up with the third microscope? |
Robert Hooke-3 lens system. He used light concentrated with a mirror. He found the first cell-a cork plant cell |
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Who came up with the 4th microscope? |
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek-ground lens for magnification. Observed bacteria such as sperm. Magnification up to 250x |
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Where does most of our energy supply come from? |
Solar energy sources(most reliable) Wind energy Biomass Fossil Fuels |
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Useful Energy |
Purpose of a machine is to convert initial energy into energy needed to do work •all other energy types produced are waste •energy input-initial energy source •useful energy output-desired energy needed to do work •useful work output-work machine is supposed to go |
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The evolution of machines |
Simple machines->gunpowder engine->heat engine->watt engine->internal combustion engine->gasoline internal combustion engine |
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Laws of Thermodynamics-types of systems |
Open system-shares matter and material(earth) Closed system-shares energy with environment(can of soup) Isolated system-shares neither (thermos) |
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Mechanical Energy |
Em-Energy is always transferred within an object •mechanical energy=potential e+ kinetic e •mechanical energy is the tiaras amputate of energy an object possesses at any one time Em=Ek+Ep =1/2 mv2 +mgh |
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Elastic Potential Energy(Ep) |
•force applied against opposing force resulting in ^Ep. force could stretch an elastic. Compress a spring |
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An average force of 100.00N is required to pull back a bow string a distance of 0.500m. The bow is aimed vertically. How much work is done on the bow. How much potential energy is stored on the bow. How much kinetic energy does the arrow have at the instant it is released form the bow. What will the potential energy of the arrow at its highest position in its flight in the air? |
A) W= Fd =(100N)(0.500m) =50.0 J B) delta Ep(elas)= W Ep(elas)= 50.0J. The amount of elastic potential energy in the bow is fifty joules C) delta Ek=Ep(elas) Ek= 50.0J. When the arrow is released it has 50.0J of kinetic energy D) delta Ep(grav)= Ek Ep(grav)=50.0J. As it reaches its highest pony the arrow has its maximum potential energy 50.0J |
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Kinetic Energy |
Energy associated with motion Ek=1/2mv*2 Ek= kg m*2 S*2 =J |
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Types of Potential Energy |
1) Gravitational Potential Energy •to lift an object work must be done against gravity. Amount of work= amt stored energy Ep=mgh 2)elastic Ep |
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How to calculate Molar Mass |
Molar mass= mass/moles or grams over moles (g and mol) M=m/n |
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Ionic compounds using complex ions |
Compounds ending in ate=more oxygen atoms Ending in ite=less oxygen atoms |
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Hydrated Ionic compounds |
Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate CuSO4•5H2O |
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Acceleration |
Change in velocity during a specific time interval. m/s |
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Positive Acceleration |
Change in both magnitude of velocity and direction are either both positive or negative |
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Negative Acceleration |
Change in velocity is positive but direction is negative and vice versa |
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Speed |
Total distance divided by total time |
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Velocity |
Total displacement divided by total time |
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Displacement and distance |
Distance-amount moved Displacement- amount moved from point of origin |
The teacher walks around a square room |
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Vector |
Magnitude and direction Ex. Jo travels three hundred km from hinton to Edson. Displacement,velocity. Written with arrow symbol above |
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Scalar |
Magnitude(how much). Ex. Jo travels 300km Distance speed |
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Velocity-Time graph |
If Acceleration is zero-straight line. If Acceleration is positive-sloping straight line upwards. |
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Slope |
Slope equals rise over rub or y2-y1 over x2-x or delta V over delta t |
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Grasp Method |
Given. Required. Analysis. Solution. Paraphrase |
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Motion |
When imaginary line joining object to reference point changes |
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Uniform motion |
An object travelling at constant rate of motion in a straight line. Hard to maintain. |
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Average speed= |
Distance travelled over time elapsed. Delta d over delta t |
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Position Time graph |
If straight line is increasing Motion is uniform Slope is speed Speed is constant |
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Force |
Measured in Newton’s |
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Newton’s First Law |
An object at rest will stay at rest unless an unbalanced force acts on it |
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Second Law of Motion |
Force applied, object accelerate or decelerate in direction force is applied |
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Work |
Force moves an object through a distance in the direction the force is applied |
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Work= |
Force x distance Joules=Newtons x meters |
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3 conditions for work to be done |
Object must move Must be a force Force applied and distance object moves must be in the same direction |
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Energy |
Ability to do work When work is done Energy is transferred Amount of energy transferred= to amount of work done Work=change in energy |
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Conservation of energy |
Energy can it be created or destroyed only transferred |
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Forms of Energy |
Chemical energy. Electrical energy and magnetism Nuclear/solar energy Motion Energy Potential energy Mechanical energy Thermal energy |
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Chemical Energy |
Stored energy/Potential energy stored in chemical bonds of compounds |
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Electrical energy and magnetism |
Work done by moving charges |
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Nuclear and Solar Energy |
Nuclear Energy-Potential energy stored in nuclear of atom Solar energy-hydrogen-hydrogen fission which releases nuclear energy |
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Nuclear Fission |
Atom splitting |
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Nuclear Fussion |
Nuclei of atoms combining |
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Thermal Energy |
Hear from hot to cold objects(second Law of thermodynamics) |
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Thermal Energy |
Hear from hot to cold objects(second Law of thermodynamics) |
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James Joule |
Masses have potential energy as they fell it is lost. Potential energy-> kinetic energy-> heat energy |
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Heat of fusion. Hfus |
Substance when amount of energy absorbed when one mil of the substance changes from solid to liquid phase without change in temperature |
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Heat of solidification |
Energy released during reverse phase change when one mil of solid form |
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Heat of solidification |
Energy released during reverse phase change when one mil of solid form |
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Heat of vaporization |
Of a substance is the amount of energy absorbed when one mil of substance changes from liquid phase to vapour without temp |
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Heat of Condensation |
Energy released during reverse phase change when one mole of a vapour condensed to a liquid |
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Tangent |
Straight line drawn that intersects curve at one point |
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Tangent |
Straight line drawn that intersects curve at one point |
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Acceleration |
Change in velocity over change in time |
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Animal Cell |
Back (Definition) |
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Plant Cell |
Back (Definition) |
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Mitochondria |
Powerhouse of the cell |
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Eukaryotic Cell |
Contain genetic material enclosed in nuclear envelope |
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Prokaryotic Cell |
Genetic material spread throughout cytoplasm. Lack nuclear envelope. Oldest form of life |
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Chloroplasts |
Convert water energy and carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen 6H2O+6CO2(g)+energy=C6H12O6(s)+ 6O2(g) |
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Chloroplasts |
Convert water energy and carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen 6H2O+6CO2(g)+energy=C6H12O6(s)+ 6O2(g) |
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Cell Membrane |
Maintain a balance between inside and outside of cell Allows selected substances to pass Membrane or plasma membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer |
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Cells |
Basic unit of life Special functions carried out by structures called organelles |
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Cells |
Basic unit of life Special functions carried out by structures called organelles |
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7 life functions |
Intake of nutrients Movement Growth Response to stimuli Exchange gases Waste removal Reproduction |
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Gene mapping |
Identifying the function of each gene and it’s position on a chromosome |
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Development of the cell theory |
Robert Hooke-observed cork. Named the cell Robert Brown-observed and named nucleus Theodore Shwann-all animals are made of cells Rudolph Virchow-cells reproduce |
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Cell theory states... |
All living things are made and produced by cells Smallest unit of life All cells are created from preexisting cells |
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Types of Global Winds |
Polar easterlies Westerlies Trade winds Doldrums |
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Radiation |
Emission of energy as particles |
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Conduction |
Transfer of thermal energy through direct contact between the particles of a substance without moving the particles to a new location |
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Conduction |
Transfer of thermal energy through direct contact between the particles of a substance without moving the particles to a new location |
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Convection |
Is transfer of thermal energy through the movement of particles from one location to another |
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Jet streams |
Band of fast moving air in the stratosphere. Because of their high altitudes these winds are big subject to friction so are much faster |
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Cotillion Effect |
The deflection of any object from a straight line path by the roatation of earth |
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Specific Heat Capacity |
If a substance is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of substance by 1^C. Water is 4.19J/g^C |
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Specific Heat Capacity |
If a substance is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of substance by 1^C. Water is 4.19J/g^C |
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Quantity of Thermal Energy |
Q is amount of thermal energy absorbed/released when the temperature is s a specific mass of substance changes by certain numbers of degrees Q=mc^t |
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Calculating Heat of Fusion and Vaporization |
Heat of fusion= quantity of thermal energy over amount of substance if substance mol Hfus=Q over n Amount equals mass over molar mass |
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Areas of Earth |
Back (Definition) |
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Biomes on Earth |
Taiga Tundra Deciduous Forest Grassland Desert Rain Forest |
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Currents of Canada |
Greenland Labrador Alaska Gulf California |
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Biosphere |
Relatively thin layer of Earth that has conditions suitable for supporting life |
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Lithosphere |
Solid portion of Earth approx 100km thick |
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Hydrosphere |
All water on earth |
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Atmosphere |
Layer of gases around earth |
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Atmosphere layers |
Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Exosphere |
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Troposphere |
15C to -60C. 0-10km. 80% of atmosphere gases is here. Weather happens in this layer |
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Troposphere |
15C to -60C. 0-10km. 80% of atmosphere gases is here. Weather happens in this layer |
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Stratosphere |
-60-0C. 10-50km. Ozone layer is located here trapping sun rays which is why it is hotter higher up |
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Mesosphere |
0 - -100C 50-80km |
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Thermosphere |
-100c to 1500C little to no gas |
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Albedo |
Of a surface % of solar radiation that reflects. Light coloured shiny surfaces reflect more |
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Net Radiation Budget |
Difference between incoming radiation and outgoing radiation reemited from Earths surface and atmosphere |
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Light Microscopes |
Earliest microscope. Use visible light to view organisms. Compound microscopes have two or more lens |
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Electron Microscope |
Specimens illuminated with a beam of electrons. Magnify 1.2million times |
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Transmission Electron Microscope |
Works like slide projector. Beam of electrons transmitted through specimens 2D image. Magnify 10,000-100,000x |
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Transmission Electron Microscope |
Works like slide projector. Beam of electrons transmitted through specimens 2D image. Magnify 10,000-100,000x |
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Scanning Electron Microscope |
Sweeps beam of electrons over an object to produce 3D image. 10,000-300,000x |
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Spontaneous Generation |
For much of history, people believed that animals could come from non-living sources |
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People who disproved the spontaneous generation theory. |
Redi-questioned raw meat-> maggots Need ham-boiled chicken broth Spallazani-proposed micro organism in air therefore new growth. Repeated needham experiment and drew off air Louis Pasteur- did the long necked experiment |
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Insolation |
Amount of solar energy received by a region of Earths surface |
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Angle of Inclination |
Degree by which Earths poles are tilted from the perpendicular of the plane of its orbit. 23.5 degrees |
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Angle of Incidence |
Angle between a ray falling in a surface and the line of the perpendicular to that surface |
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Cation |
Paw-sitive. Metals |
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Cation |
Negative nonmetal |
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Solubility is Ionic Compound |
Some Ionic compounds dissolve better than others in water-aqueous |
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Solubility is Ionic Compound |
Some Ionic compounds dissolve better than others in water-aqueous |
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Properties of Molecular Compounds |
Nonmetal and nonmetal Covalent bond Attraction within molecules is very strong-non soluble Attraction between molecules is weak lower melting point Any state at standard room temperature and pressure Don’t conduct |
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Solubility is Ionic Compound |
Some Ionic compounds dissolve better than others in water-aqueous |
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Properties of Molecular Compounds |
Nonmetal and nonmetal Covalent bond Attraction within molecules is very strong-non soluble Attraction between molecules is weak lower melting point Any state at standard room temperature and pressure Don’t conduct |
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Acids |
Acids are compunds that dissolve in water to form a solution with a low PH |
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Base |
Compound that dissolved in water to form solution with high PH |
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Acid Characteristics |
Sour taste Turns blue litmus red Dissociated yo release H+ Reacts with active metals to release H2 Reacts with carbonate to releas carbon dioxide Corrosive |
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Base Characteristic |
Bitter taste Turns red litmus blue Dissociates to release hydroxide Corrosive Feels slippery |
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Neutralization |
Acid+base= salt solution and water |
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Acids |
Hydrogen bonds covalently to other non metals to form molecular compounds May be solid liquid or gas Form conductive solution I. Water Have ion and acid names |
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Chemical Reactions |
Involve rearrangement if atoms or ions Formation of precipitate Formation of gas Colour change Energy change |
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Balancing Chemical Equations |
Atoms are conserved Mass is conserved. Energy is conserved. Balance by using coeeficents. Balance poly atomic ions together |
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Properties of Ionic compounds |
Form crystals Solid at SATP Dissolve in water to form aqueous solution Conduct electricity |
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Simple compounds |
Sodium+chlorine=sodium chloride |
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Simple composition |
Element +element=compound |
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Simple composition |
Element +element=compound |
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Simple decomposition |
Compound->element+ element |
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Single replacement |
Element+compound-> new element +new compound |
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Double Replacement |
Compound+compound->new compound +new compound |
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Hydrocarbon combustion |
Fuel plus O2-> CO2 H2O SO2 NO2 |
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Lysosomes |
Contain digestive enzymes which break down proteins. Thick walled Defend against invading bacteria Destroy damaged cells |
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Lysosomes |
Contain digestive enzymes which break down proteins. Thick walled Defend against invading bacteria Destroy damaged cells |
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Golgi Apparatus |
Disc shaped vesicle membranes fused to Endoplasmic Reticulum Sorts and repackages molecules into vesicles which are distributed to other parts of cells or removed from cell(exocytosis) Produces lysosomes |
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Mitochondria |
Powerhouse Provides cell energy Muscle cells-many mitochondria Convert chemical energy to useful energy through cellular respiration C6H12O6+ 6O2(g) -> 6CO2(g) +6H2O(l) +energy Reactions occur within folded membrane |
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Cytoplasm |
Jelly like substance that fills the cell Contains nutrients cell required to carry out life functions |
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Nucleus |
Directs all cell activity Contains DNA Nucleolus produces ribosomes which are involved with protein synthesis Surround by a nuclear envelope which contains nuclear pores through which molecules may pass |
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Endoplasmic Reticulum |
Network of folded membranes and tubes connected from nuclear envelope through which materials move |
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
Has ribosomes starched which build proteins |
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
No ribosomes. Synthesizes lipids |
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Ribosomes |
Dense granules smallest organelles May be attached to Endoplasmic Reticulum or free in cytoplasm Site of protein synthesis Amino acids chief building blocks Chain of aa create protein |
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Cell Wall |
A nonliving protective structure outside the cell membrane Provides strength and support |
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Chloroplasts |
Found only in plants and some unicellular organisms Contains chlorophyll pigments site of photosynthesis |
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Chloroplasts |
Found only in plants and some unicellular organisms Contains chlorophyll pigments site of photosynthesis |
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Vacuoles |
Storage of nutrients products of secretion and fats Large vacuole stores water used for turgoe pressure causing cell to become firm |
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Centrioles |
Cylindrical structures outside nucleus. Important to cell division |
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Microtubules |
Provide structure to cell |
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Field of view of a microscope under low power |
2mm |
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Magnification on an average light microscope |
40x 100x 400x |
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Cuticle |
A protective film covering the epidermis of leaves young shoots and other aerial plant organs. |
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Palisade layer |
A layer of columnar cells rich in chloroplasts found beneath the upper epidermis of foliage leaves |
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Vascular Tissue |
The tissue in higher plants that constitutes the vascular system consisting of phloem and calm by which water and nutrients are conducted though the plant |
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Spongy Mesophyll |
An airy layer in a leaf meant to give support and is airy to allow exchange of gases |
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Guard Cells |
A cells that shrinks and expands to open the stomata to allow exchange of gases |
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Xylem |
Root to shoot. Water |
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Phloem |
Shoot to root. Sugar |
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