Science

Front 1

Gametes

Back 1

an organismm's reproductive cells, such as sperm, egg, pollen, or ovum cells.

Front 2

Binary Fission

Back 2

a form of asexual reproduction that produces identical offspring

Front 3

Gene

Back 3

a segment of DNA that codes for a protein or RNA molecule

Front 4

Chromosome

Back 4

the DNA and proteins associated with the DNA coil are made into a structure in which a eukaryotic cell is dividing called a ____________

Front 5

Chromatids

Back 5

two exact copies of DNA that make up each chromosome

Front 6

Centromere

Back 6

The point where two chromosomes attach.

Front 7

Homologous (hoh MAHL uh gus) chromosomes

Back 7

chromosomes similar in size, shape + genetic content

Front 8

diploid

Back 8

when a cell contains TWO sets of chromosomes

Front 9

haoploid

Back 9

When a cell, like a gamete, contains one set of chromosomes

Front 10

n

Back 10

the symbol used to represent one set of chromosomes

Front 11

zygote

Back 11

the fusion of two haploid gametes

Front 12

autosomes

Back 12

chromosomes, 22 for us, not involved in DIRECTLY determining gender/sex of an individual.

Front 13

sex chromosomes

Back 13

xx xy. Have 2 do w/ determining sex.

Front 14

karyotype

Back 14

photo of chromosomes in dividing cells which are arrange in chromosomes by size

Front 15

cell cycle

Back 15

the repeating sequence of cellular growth and division during the life of an organism.

Front 16

interphase

Back 16

first 3 phases of the cell cycle, known as G1, S, and G2.

Front 17

G1

Back 17

growth

Front 18

S

Back 18

dna copied
two chromatids attached at centromere

Front 19

g2

Back 19

microtubules (used to move chromosomes) assembled
preparations made for mitosis

Front 20

mitosis

Back 20

the process during cell division in which the nucleus of a cell is divided into two nuclei ________

Front 21

prophase

Back 21

-DNA condenses into 46 chromosomes (4 to be efficient in the model).
-The nucleus dissolves
-2 spindles are formed inside the cell, which are 3d shaped X’s.

Front 22

Metaphase

Back 22

-Chromosomes line up at the equator, or horizontally.
- The spindles migrate to the top and bottom of the cell.
-Spindle fibers elongate, partially extending to the chromosomes.

Front 23

Anaphase

Back 23

-Spindle fibers (from the spindles) attach at the centromere of the chromosome. A centromere is the intersection of the 2 figure-8’s (these make up a chromosome).
-Spindle fibers shorten
-Sister chromatids are pulled apart from the shortening of the fibers, and you are left with 8 halves of a chromosome, each looking like an infinity sign, but with ovals, which are slightly facing the middle of the cell.
- The cell starts to squeeze in the middle, and two new cells are almost formed.

Front 24

Telophase

Back 24

-The cells fully separate and nuclei are reformed in each of the cells.
-The spindles dissolve within each of the two cells.

Front 25

Cytokinesis

Back 25

the process during cell division in which the cytoplasm divided

Front 26

spindles

Back 26

cell structures made up of both centrioles and individual microtubule fibers that are involved in moving chromosomes during cell division.

Front 27

Meiosis

Back 27

cell division that halves the # of chromosomes when forming specialized reproductive cells

Front 28

pro. 1

Back 28

chro. visible nuclear evelope breaks down. Crossing over occurs.

Front 29

meta. 1

Back 29

pairs of homologous chro. move to the equator of a cell.

Front 30

ana. 1

Back 30

homol. chromo. move to the opposite poles of a cell.

Front 31

Tel. 1 and Cytokinesis

Back 31

ch. gather at the poles of the cell, cyto. divides.

Front 32

pro. 2

Back 32

a new spindle forms around the chromosomes.

Front 33

meta. 2

Back 33

chromosomes line up at the equator.

Front 34

ana. 2

Back 34

centro. divide Chromatids move to the opposite poles of a cell.

Front 35

tel. 2 and cytokinesis

Back 35

a nuclear envelope forms around each set of chro. cyto divides, haploid offspring cells form.

Front 36

Independent Assortment

Back 36

random distribution of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.

Front 37

spermatogenesis

Back 37

the process by which sperm are produced in male animals.

Front 38

sperm

Back 38

male gametes

Front 39

oogenesis

Back 39

the process by which gametes are produced by female animals.

Front 40

ovum

Back 40

the larger developed female gamete/egg

Front 41

clone

Back 41

individual produced by asexual reproduction which is genetically identical to his/her parent.

Front 42

sexual reproduction

Back 42

two parents each form haploid cells (reprod.) which join to form offspring.

Front 43

fertilization

Back 43

joining of two oposite sex gametes.

Front 44

life cycle

Back 44

the entire span in the life of an organism from generat. to generat.

Front 45

sporophyte

Back 45

produces spores in the diploid phase of the life cycle.

Front 46

spore

Back 46

haploid reprod. cell produced by meiosis that is capable of developing int oan adult w/o fusing with another cell.

Front 47

gametophyte

Back 47

hap. phase that produces gametes by mitosis.