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86 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

The Scientific Method

Purpose


Hypothesis


Procedure


Experiment


Observations


Conclusions

Scientific Notation

When adding or subtracting with scientific Notation. Make sure that the powers of 10 remain the same and the other numbers are the ones subtracted.


When multiplying, add the two powers of 10 and multiply the other numbers


When dividing, subtract the powers of 10 and multiply the other numbers

Significant figures

Addition and Subtraction: digits after decimal


Multiplication and Division : all digits

What is chemistry?

The study of all matter.

How is the periodic table organised 9

Periods are Rows


Groups are columns


Organised by atomic number (number of protons in the nucleus)

What are the alkali metals?

Most reactive


Very conductive


Group 1 in the periodic table


Shiny

What are the alkaline earth metals?

Less conductive than Alkali


Less reactive than alkali


Dull


Used in fireworks


Group 2 on the periodic table

Metalloids

Group of solids


Semi-Conductors


Make a staircase between non metals and metals


Halogens

Very reactive gases except Bromine (liquid)


Group 17 in the periodic table


Not very conductive


Fairly brittle when solid

Noble Gases

All are gases


Not very conductive


Nor very reactive


Colourless and odourless


Most stable valence electrons


Group 18 in the periodic table


Brittle


Non ductile


Non malléable

Difference between physical and chemical properties

A physical property looks at whatever you can see already without making the element react.


I. E: colour, taste, malleability, ductility



Chemical properties are reactions with other things


I. E:flammability, reaction with acid, reaction with water

Quantitative and Qualitative Properties

Quantitative have numerical value and are measured usually through measuring tools


Example : mass, volume, Density


Qualitative are measured using the senses and have no numerical value: colour, taste, smell

Physical and Chemical Changes

Physical changes are when no other substances are created.


Often reversible


Dissolving and Change of state are physical



Chemical changes are when 1 or more new substances are created


Often unreversible

Clues to finding a chemical change

Pure substance

Contains only kind of particles


Either an element or a compound


Can't be separated by physical means

Elements and Compounds

Éléments


Composed of identical atoms


Found on periodic table



Compounds:


Made of two or more different elements in a fixed proportion


Ex: salt (NaCl)


Mixtures

Variable combination of 2 or more pure substances

Homogeneous

Aka Solutions


Only one visible phase (dissolved substance in solvent

Heterogenous

Mixture with two or more visible phases

Atoms

Building blocks of all matter.


Made up of subatomic particles which include


Protons, Electrons and Neutrons

Proton

Electron

Electrons

Chemical symbols

Tells what atoms are


Short form ( C=Carbon)


Sometimes in Latin short form



Always a capital letter, sometimes follow by one or more lower case letters

Biohazardous infectious materials

Harmful or Fatal

May cause fire

Flammable

Health Hazard

Harmful to environment

Harmful

Gas under pressure

Causes severe skin and eye damage

Explosion hazard

What is Astronomy?

The study of what is beyond the earth



The universe

Everything that exists, including all energy, matter and space

Constellations

Groups of stars that seem to form shapes or patterns


Many are names after animals, therefore called constellations


Solar System

The Sun and all the objects that travel around it, including all the 8 known planets, the moons, of those planets and some planetoids

Order of the planets

Non luminous objects

Do not emit their own light such as planets and moons


The sunlight reflects off of them

Luminous

Objects that do emit their own light, such as the sun

Stars

Massive collection of gases ; held together by its own gravity and emitting huge amounts of energy (heat and light)


Appear to twinkle

Planets

A large round celestial object that revolves around a star

Moons

Are satellites. Celestial objects that travel around a planet

Asteroid

Asteroid: small rocky objects. Many orbit around the sun and this is called an asteroid belt


Meteoroid

Small piece rock/metal that gets pulled to Earth


Meteor

Burns up in the earth's atmosphere

Meteorite

Hits the earth's surface causing a massive explosion

Comets

Chunk of frozen gases, rock and dust that travels in a very long orbit around the sun



Some have regular orbits and can be seen at regular intervals



Tails come from burning by the son

Galaxies

à HUGE collection of gas, dust and billions of stars, planets and other celestial objects

The Sun

Orbits

Elliptical paths around a much larger object such as the sun

Orbital period

The time it takes to complete to complete revolution around the the sun.


I. E: 365 1/4 for Earth

Inner Planets

Closest to the sun


Termed terrestrial planets


Made of minerals and rocky materials

Mercury

Closest to the sun


Rarely seen, sun blocks the view


Surface is smooth but covered in craters


Day temp :400 degrees Celsius


-180 degrees Celsius

Venus

Earth

Mars

Outer planets

4 largest


Contain mostly hydrogen and helium and are called the Gas Giant


Lack solid surfaces


Pluto used to be considered a planet but is no longer

Jupiter

Saturn

Uranus

Neptune

Pluto

Solar system calculations

Old idea

Earth centered universe


Stars are just beyond planets


Tranistion : 500 years ago telescope invented experiments conducted


Modern idea

Sun centered universe


. Sun is one of many stars


The milky-way Galaxy

Rotation

Revolution

Movement of an object around another object

Moon dance

Stage 1 : Nebulas

Composed of gases (hydrogen and helium) and dust


Gas and dust particles swirl around and contract under their own gravity

Stage 2 : Protostar

Stage 3 Nuclear Fusion

Stage 4 : old age

What is Ecology

Abiotic factor

Non living things


Light, heart, water, soil, wind


Atmosphere and landscape.

Biotic factors

Planets, animals, microorganisms in soil


Two main types of ecosystems


1. Terrestrial


2. Aquatic

Ecology Hierarchy

More on Hierarchy

Competition

Interaction between two or more organisms competing for the same resource in a given habitat. Competition can occur between members of the same species

Predation

Mimicry

Species looks like another species

Symbiosis

Close interaction between different species live in, on or near members of another species

Mutualism

Both species benefit from the symbiotic partnership

Commensalism

Benefits from relationships with another species with no harm or benefit to the other species

Parasitism

When one species