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44 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Scientific Method
a way of gathering and evaluating information. It involves observation, hypthesis formation, hypothesis testing, critical evaluation of results, and the publishing of findings.
Cause-and-effect Relationships
a relationshhip between two events or things in which a change in the first leads to a change in the second.
Observation
ability to detect events by the sense or machines that extend the senses.
Hypothesis
a logical statement that explains an event or answers a question that can be tested.
Experiment
an artifical situation designed to test the validity of a hypothesis.
Variables
things that cange from time to time
Controlled Experiment
an experiment in which two groups are compared. One, the control, is uses as a basis of comparison and the other, the experimental, has one factor different from the control.
Reproducibility
a characteristic of the scientific method in which independent investigators must be able to reproduce the experiment to see if they get the same results.
Theory
a unifying principle that binds together large areas of scientific knowledge.
Kinetic Molecular Theory
the widely accepted theory that all matter is made of small particles that are in constant movement.
Scientific Law
a uniform or constant fact of nature that describes what happens in nature
Law of Conservation of Mass
states that matter is not gained or lost during a chemical reaction.
Pseudoscience
a deceptive practice that uses the appearanc eor language of science to convince, confuse, or mislead people into thinking something has scientific validity, when it does not.
Atoms
the basic subunit of elements, composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Element
a form of matter consistin gof a specific kind of atom.
Nucleus
the central region of an atom that contains protons and neutrons.
Protons
the positively charged particle locaed in the nucleus of an atom.
Neutrons
neutrally charged particle located in the nucleus of an antom.
Electrons
the lightweight, negatively charged particle that moves around at som edistance from the nucleus of an atom.
Isotopes
atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.
Molecules
two or more atoms chemically bonded to form a stable unit.
Ions
an atom or group of atoms that has an electric charge because it has either gained or lost electrons.
Compound
a kind of matter composed of two or more different kinds of atoms bonded together.
Mixtures
a kind of matter consisting of two or more kinds of matter intermingled with no specific ration o the kinds of matter.
Acid
any substance that, when dissolved in water, releases hydrogen ions.
Base
any substance that, when dissolved in water, removes hydrogen ions from solution; forms a salt when combined with an acid.
Hydroxide Ions
a negatively charged particle consisting of a hydrogen and an oxygen atom, commonly released from materials that are bases.
pH
the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration; a measure of the bumber of hydrogen ions present.
Chemical Bonds
the physical attraction between atoms that results form the interaction of their electrons.
Exothermic Reactions
chemical reaciton in which the newly formed compounds have less chemical energy than the compounds from which they were formed.
Endothermic Reactions
chemical reaction in which the newly formed chemical bonds contain more energy than was present in the compounds from which they were formed.
Activation Energy
the initial energy input required to start a reaction.
Catalyst
a substance that alters the rate of a reaction but is not itself changed.
Enzymes
protein molecules that speed up the rate of specific chemical reactions.
Photosynthesis
the process by which plants manufacture food. Light energy is used to conver carbon dioxide and water to sugar and oxygen.
Respiration
the process that organisms use to release chemical bond energy from food.
Energy
the ability to do work.
Kinetic Energy
energy of moving objects.
Potential Energy
the energy of position.
Sensible Heat
the heat energy stored in a substance as a result of an increase in its temperature.
First Law of Thermodynamics
a statement about energy that says that under normal physical conditions, energy is neither created nor destroyed.
Second Law of Thermodynamics
a statement about energy conversion that says that whenever energy is converted from one form to another, some of the useful energy is lost.
Entropy
the degree of disorder in a system.
Combustion
the process of releasing chemical bond energy from fuel.