Sci 1101 Test 1 (Ch 1, 2, 6, 7)

Front 1

Ecological footprint

Back 1

Represents the total area of biologically productive land and water needed to produce the resources and dispose of the waste for a given person or population. Developed by Mathis Wackernagel

Front 2

Fossil fuels

Back 2

Nonrenewable energy sources

Front 3

Overshoot

Back 3

Term coined because we are depleting our energy sources 50% faster than we are replenishing them.

Front 4

Interdisciplinary science

Back 4

One that borrows techniques from multiple disciplines and brings their research results together into a broad synthesis.

Front 5

Natural science

Back 5

Disciplines that examine the natural world

Front 6

Social sciences

Back 6

Disciplines that address human interaction and institutions.

Front 7

Science

Back 7

A systematic process for learning about the world and testing our understanding of it.

Front 8

Scientific method per book

Back 8

Observation

Questions

Hypothesis

Prediction

Test

Results

Front 9

Scientific method per professor

Back 9

Questions

Research

Hypothesis

Procedure/process

Data

Observation

Conclusion

Front 10

Hypothesis

Back 10

Research that proceeds in a more targeted and structures manner, using experiments to test hypothesis within a framework.

Front 11

Hypothesis

Back 11

A statement that attempts to explain a phenomenon answer a scientific question

Front 12

Independent variable

Back 12

A variable that is manipulated

Front 13

Dependent variable

Back 13

The result of the manipulation of the independent variable n

Front 14

Theory

Back 14

A widely accepted and well tested explanation of one or more cause and effect relationships that have been exclusively validated by a great amount of research.

Front 15

Environment

Back 15

Consist of everything around us, including living and nonliving

Front 16

Environmental science

Back 16

Is the study of how the natural world works , how our environment affects us and how we affect our environment.

Front 17

Explain the importance of natural resources and ecosystem services

Back 17

Benefits we receive from the processes and normal functioning of natural systems.

Front 18

Sustainability

Back 18

Living within our planets means, such that the earths resources can sustain us - and all of life - for the future

Front 19

When constructing an Experimental Analysis what 4 components must it include?

Back 19

1) Begins with a statement of the hypothesis

2) Indicates the kind of data that would support the hypothesis (prediction)

3) Cites the relevant date that were collected (gives examples of trends)

4) Draws a conclusion as to whether a hypothesis is supported or not.

Front 20

What criteria are applied to determine if an experiment was well designed or flawed?

Back 20

1) Is there only one independent variable and why do you think it is an appropriate one fortesting the hypothesis?

2.) Is the dependent variable accurately measured and why do you think it is an appropriateone for testing the hypothesis?

3.) Are all of the other potentially important variables controlled (maintained the same in allcases of the independent variable)?

4.) Is there enough data?

Front 21

What is a Descriptive Statistic and its uses

Back 21

Used to summarize data.

1) Measurements of central tendency

2) Measures of dispersion

Front 22

What three measurements are used to determine central tendencies?

Back 22

Mean, medium and mode

Front 23

What is mode?

Back 23

The value that appears most frequently in your data set

* Comes from the french word "fashion"

Front 24

What is the Median?

Back 24

The value that occurs in the middle of the data set.

Front 25

What is mean?

Back 25

The average.

Front 26

What are three measurements for dispersion?

Back 26

Range: Describes the highest and lowest value in a set "boarders"

Variance:

Standard deviation

Front 27

List different types of figures

Back 27

Illustrations, diagrams and maps and graphs

Front 28

What is an error bar and how is it used

Back 28

I line that indicates the standard deviation between values on a bat graph. * ONLY appropriate when graphing a groups mean.

Front 29

What are inferential statistics and its use?

Back 29

Used to make comparisons between data sets and infer whether the data sets are significantly different from one another.

*Shows probability of chance.

Shows:

1) Probability

Front 30

What are the percentage values used to determine standard deviation?

Back 30

68% of values are w/n 1 SD's of the mean

95% of values are w/n 2 SD's of the mean

99% of values are w/n 3 SD's of the mean

Front 31

What % is allocated to determine if a value is deemed "chance" and not considered as part of a particular distribution?

Back 31

If it has a 5% chance of not being w/n SD of the mean.

"whenever a statistical test returns aprobability value (or "p-value") equal to or less than 0.05, we reject the hypothesis that ourresults fit the distribution we are testing."

Front 32

What do "Ho" mean in relation to a graphs data

Back 32

Definition: The null hypothesis (Ho) is a statement of no difference and contains the "equal to" (=) sign. If you do not reject Ho, you conclude that the sample statistic and population parameter are not significantly different from each other.

W

* The data fit the assigned distribution

Front 33

what is p-value

Back 33

Probability value

Front 34

What is the t-test

Back 34

an inferential statistic that enable to you to compare the means of two groups and determine if they are statistically different from one another.

Front 35

What is the formula and essence behind the t-test?

Back 35

Signal Difference in group means

--------- = ----------------------------------------

Static Variability of the groups

* This ratio is the T-statistic

Front 36

Null Hypothesis (Ho)

Back 36

Refers to a general statement or default position that there is no relationship between two measured phenomena, or no difference among groups.

Front 37

What are the two assumptions (assumption test) needing to be meet to be suitable for analyzing with the t-test?

Back 37

1) The variance in the in the two groups being compared cannot be significantly different from one another.

2) The date must roughly fit the distribution.

Front 38

What are the six major themes in ES

Back 38

1. Human Population Growth

2. Sustainability

3. A Global Perspective

4. An Urbanizing World

5. People and Nature

6. Science and Values

Front 39

3 principles of sustainability

Back 39

1) Solar Energy

2) Biodiversity

3) Chemical Cycling

Front 40

What must be done to achieve a Sustainable Global economy

Back 40

1) Develop an effective population control strategy.

2) Restructure the energy program

3) Institute economic planning

4) Implement legal, educational, political and social changes to this end.

Front 41

What is the Gaia Hypothesis?

Back 41

1) Proposes that the over the history of the earth, life has changed the global environment

2) These changes have improved the chances for the continuation of life.

Front 42

What is the population of rural inhabitants for a developed country vs a developing country

Back 42

75% for developed and 40% for deveoping

Front 43

What is a megacity?

Back 43

A city with 2 million or more inhabitants

Front 44

Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)

Back 44

Disagrees with the Ho

Front 45

What is deductive reasoning?

Back 45

A logical process in which a conclusion is based on the concordance of multiple premises that are generally assumed to be true

* Proof using deductive reasoning does notrequire that the premises be true, only that the reasoning foolproof

Front 46

What is inductive reasoning?

Back 46

A logical process in which multiple premises, all believed true or found true most of the time, are combined to obtain a specific conclusion.

* Proof of inductive reasoning is stated interms of probability of occurrence

Front 47

What is accuracy?

Back 47

WhExtentto which a measurement agrees with the accepted value

Front 48

What is precision?

Back 48

Thedegree of exactness with which the quantity was measured

Front 49

What is chemistry?

Back 49

Studies types of matter and how they interact.

Front 50

The law of conservation of energy

Back 50

Matter can be transferred from one type of substance to another but cannot be destroyed.

Front 51

What is an Element

Back 51

A fundamental type of matter

Front 52

What is an atom

Back 52

The smallest component that maintains an elements chemical properties.

Front 53

What is an Isotope

Back 53

atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons.

Front 54

What is an ion

Back 54

Atoms that loss or gain an electron becoming electrically charged

Front 55

What are Radioactive Isotopes?

Back 55

Decay until they become non-radioactive or stable isotopes.

Emit high level radiation and that radiation is called ionizing radiation because it generated ions as electrons are ejected.

Front 56

What are molecules

Back 56

Combination of 2 or more atoms (O2)What a

Front 57

What are compounds

Back 57

Molecules that are composed of two or more different elements

Front 58

ionic compounds

Back 58

and elctron is transfered

Front 59

Solution

Back 59

A mixture of substances with n chemical bonding

Front 60

Ionic bond

Back 60

electrons that are transferred between atoms

Front 61

Covalent bond

Back 61

electrons are shared between atoms

Front 62

Hydrogen Bond

Back 62

oxygen from one water molecule attracts hydrogen atoms of another

Front 63

Organic Compound

Back 63

carbon (and hydrogen) atoms joined by bonds and may contain other atoms

Front 64

Polymers

Back 64

Long chains of carbon molecules

* The building blocks of life

Front 65

Hydrocarbons

Back 65

contains only hydrogen and carbon

Front 66

Macro-molecules

Back 66

Large sized molecules

Front 67

What are the 4 macro-molecules

Back 67

Three polymers and Lipids

1. Proteins

2. Nucleic Acid

3. Carbohydrates

4. Lipids: are not polymers but are also assential

Front 68

What functions do proteins perform in living organisms

Back 68

1. Structure Support

2. Movement and transportation

3. Recognition and receptor molecules

4. Hormonal Proteins

Front 69

Carbohydrates are stored in plants cells as _________ and in animal cells as __________.

Back 69

Starch and Glycogen

Front 70

Carbohydrates contain only which three elements?

Back 70

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms in the ratio of (CH2O)

Front 71

Second law of thermodynamics

Back 71

energy changes from a more ordered to a less ordered state.

Front 72

Autotrophs (primary producers)

Back 72

organisms that produce their own food (I.E. plants, algae)

Front 73

Photosynthesis

Back 73

The process for turning the suns diffused light energy into concentrated chemical energy

Front 74

Heterotrphs

Back 74

Organisms that gain energy by feeding on others

Front 75

Geology

Back 75

The study of the earths physical features, processes and history

Front 76

Core

Back 76

Solid iron in the center, molten iron in the outer core.

Front 77

Mantle

Back 77

Less dense, elastic rock.

Contains the Asthenosphere

Front 78

Crust

Back 78

The thin brittle, low density layer of tock

Front 79

Lithisophere

Back 79

The upper most mantel of the crust

Front 80

What is the Biochemical Cycle and the path it takes

Back 80

Atmosphere

Hydrosphere (oceans, lakes, rivers etc)

Lithosphere (rocks and soil)

Biosphere (plants and animals)

Front 81

What is the cycle of the hydrogen cycle

Back 81

1. Evaporationof water from oceans

2. Precipitationof water on land

3. Transpirationof water by plants

4. Evaporationof water from land

5. Runofffrom streams, rivers and subsurface groundwater

Front 82

What is the Geological Cycle?

Back 82

1. Tectonic

2. Hydrologic

3. Rock

4. Biochemical (carbon, nitogen, phoshorous)

Front 83

The Rock Cycle

Back 83

Theheating, melting, cooling, breaking, and reassembling of rocks and minerals

Front 84

Resource competition that takes place between members of the same species

Back 84

Intraspecific competition

Front 85

resource competition that takes place between members of different species

Back 85

interspecific

Front 86

Situation in which on species is a very effective competitor and excludes another species from the resources entirely

Back 86

competitive exclusion

Front 87

Situation in which competing species live side by side with no exclusion

Back 87

species co-existence

Front 88

The full niche of a species

Back 88

Fundamental niche

Front 89

an individual that plays only part of its role or uses only some of its resources because of competition or other types of species interactions is said to display

Back 89

realized niche

Front 90

When a group of competitors partition, or divide the resources they use in common by specializing in different ways

Back 90

resource partitioning

Front 91

Organisms that can exploit other organisms without killing them.

Back 91

parasites

Front 92

Parasites that cause disease in their host are called

Back 92

pathogens

Front 93

Long-term reciprocal process in which two (or more) types of organisms repeatedly respond by nature to the other's adaptation

Back 93

coevolution

Front 94

Animal that feeds on the tissues of plants

Back 94

Herbivory

Front 95

Interaction in which two or more species benefit from interacting with one another

Back 95

Mutualism

Front 96

Physically close interaction among species

Back 96

symbiosis

Front 97

An assemblage o populations of organisms living in the same area at the same time.

Back 97

Community

Front 98

Community ecology

Back 98

the scientific study of species interactions and the dynamics of communities

Front 99

The rankings of the feeding hierarchy

Back 99

Trophic level

Front 100

The 1st Trophic level

Back 100

Autotrophs (self-feeders) or producers

Example: green plants, algea etc.

Front 101

The 2nd Trophic level

Back 101

Primary Consumers: Consume producers. Herbivorous grazing animals such as deer, grasshoppers.

Front 102

The 3rd Trophic level

Back 102

Secondary Consumers: Pray on primary consumers. Wolves

Front 103

The 4th Trophic level

Back 103

Tertiary consumers: Feed on secondary consumers.

Front 104

Organisms that scavenge the waste products or dead bodies of other community members.

Back 104

Detritivores

Front 105

Organisms such as bacteria and fungi that break down leaf litter and other nonliving matter into simpler constituents that can be taken up and used by plants.

Back 105

decomposers: see page 81

Front 106

The collective mass of living matter in a given place and time

Back 106

biomass

Front 107

A visual map of energy flow that uses arrows to show the many paths along which energy passes as organisms consume one another

Back 107

Food web