Schizophrenia Spectrum & Other Psychotic Disorders

Front 1

schizophrenia, other psychotic disorders, and schizotypal (personality) disorder are defined by...

Back 1

abnormalities in one or more of the following 5 domains: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking (speech), grossly disorganized or abnormal motor behavior, and negative symptoms

Front 2

Disorganized thinking manifests in...

Back 2

speech

Front 3

Catatonia is categorized under what domain?

Back 3

abnormal motor behavior

Front 4

Fixed beliefs that are not amenable to change in light of conflicting evidence are known as ______.

Back 4

Delusions

Front 5

Subsets of delusions are categorized as being either _____ or ______.

Back 5

Bizarre and nonbizarre.

Front 6

The belief that one is going to be harmed, harassed, by an individual, organization, or other group is known as ______.

Back 6

Persecutory delusions.

Front 7

The belief that certain gestures, comments, environmental cues, and so forth are directed at oneself are known as ______.

Back 7

Referential delusions.

Front 8

The false belief by an individual that another person is in love with him or her is known as ______.

Back 8

Erotomanic delusions.

Front 9

The belief in which an individual believes that he/she has exception abilities, wealth, or fame is known as a _____.

Back 9

Grandiose delusion.

Front 10

The conviction that a major catastrophe will occur held by an individual is known as _______.

Back 10

Nihilistic delusion.

Front 11

Preoccupations regarding health and organ function are known as _________.

Back 11

Somatic delusions.

Front 12

List the types of delusions.

Back 12

persecutory, referential, somatic, religious, grandiose, nihilstic, bizarre, nonbizarre

Front 13

Perception-like experiences that occur without an external stimulus are _________.

Back 13

hallucinations.

Front 14

The most common type of hallucination is ______.

Back 14

Auditory.

Front 15

Hypnagogic hallucinations occur _______.

Back 15

when falling asleep.

Front 16

Hypnopompic hallucinations occur _____.

Back 16

when waking up.

Front 17

TRUE OR FALSE:

Hypnagogic/Hypnopompic are abnormal experiences.

Back 17

FALSE. Hypnagogic and hynopompic are normal experiences while falling asleep/waking up.

Front 18

TRUE OR FALSE:

Hallucinations are always indicative of abnormal thinking and/or symptomatic to a psychotic disorder.

Back 18

FALSE. Depending on the cultural context/religious experience, hallucination may not indicate any abnormal thinking.

Front 19

Formal thought disorder is known as ______.

Back 19

Disorganized thinking.

Front 20

Illustrated by erratic speech, what words define when an individual switches from topic to topic chaotically?

Back 20

derailment/loose associations (associated with disorganized thinking)

Front 21

Tangentiality describes __________ in relation to disorganized thinking?

Back 21

When an individual is unable to give related, contextual answers to questions/conversations.

Front 22

What symptom of disorganized thinking is also known as "word salad"?

Back 22

Incoherence. Shown when speech is so severely disorganized that it is nearly incomprehensible and resembles receptive aphasia in its linguistic disorganization.

TIP: Receptive aphasia (also known as Wernicke's aphasia, fluent aphasia, or sensory aphasia) is a type of aphasia in which an individual is unable to understand language in its written or spoken form.

Front 23

TRUE OR FALSE:

Disorganized thinking is extremely rare and even mild indications of disorganized speech is symptomatic and specific.

Back 23

FALSE. Disorganized thinking is common and nonspecific. Symptomatic disorganized thinking MUST impair communication skills.

Front 24

____________ manifests itself in a variety of ways: from childlike silliness to unpredictable agitation.

Back 24

Grossly disorganized or abnormal motor behavior.

NOTE: It's most prominently noted in forms of goal-directed behavior and leads to difficulties in daily activity performance.

Front 25

Marked decrease in reactivity to one's environment is known as _________.

Back 25

Catatonic behavior.

Front 26

What are the different ways in which catatonia manifests?

Back 26

Negativism, mutism, stupor, catatonic excitement

Front 27

Stupor catatonia is shown through...

Back 27

Rigid, inappropriate/bizarre posture

Front 28

Mutism catatonia is shown through...

Back 28

a complete lack of motor/verbal responses

Front 29

Resistance to instructions in catatonia is described as...

Back 29

Negativism.

Front 30

Catatonic excitement is?

Back 30

purposeless and excessive motor activity without obvious cause.

Front 31

Indicators of catatonia:

Back 31

repeated stereotyped movements, staring, grimacing, mutism, speech echoing, negativism, stupor, and catatonic excitement.

Front 32

Diminished emotional expression, avolition, alogia, asociality, and anhedonia are?

Back 32

Negative symptoms

Front 33

Avolition is?

Back 33

a decrease in motivated self-initiated purposeful activities.

TIP:

AVOlition is similar to AVON, which is sold by your old high school classmate at parties you don't want to go to.

Front 34

Alogia is?

Back 34

manifested by diminished speech output.

TIP:

aLOGia, is like having a backLOGged tongue, which makes it harder to speak.

Front 35

Anhedonia is?

Back 35

decreased ability to experience pleasure from positive stimuli or degradation in the recollection of pleasure previously experience

TIP:

Learn Alogia/Avolition so you can do the process of elimination for this one

Front 36

Asociality refers to?

Back 36

the apparent lack of interest in social interactions, may be associated with avolition, but can also manifest from limited opportunities for social interactions.

Front 37

_________ lasts more than 1 day and remits by 1 month.

Back 37

Brief psychotic disorder.

Front 38

________ is categorized by a symptomatic presentation equivalent to that of schizophrenia except for its duration (less than 6 months) and the absence of a requirement for a decline in functioning.

Back 38

Schizophreniform disorder

Front 39

Time criteria for schizophrenia?

Back 39

Lasts at least 6 months and includes 1 month of active-phase symptoms.

Front 40

A mood episode and the active-phase symptoms occur together and are proceeded/followed by at least 2 weeks of delusions/hallucinations without prominent mood symptoms in what disorder?

Back 40

Schizoaffective disorder.

Front 41

TRUE OR FALSE:

Psychotic disorders may be induced by another condition.

Back 41

TRUE. In substance/medication induced psychotic disorder, the psychotic symptoms are judged to be a physiologic consequence of a drug of abuse, a medication, or toxin exposure and cease after removal of the agent. In psychotic disorder due to another medical condition, the psychotic symptoms are judged to be a direct physiological consequence of another medical condition.

Front 42

Catatonia can appear in what disorders?

Back 42

neurodevelopmental, psychotic, bipolar, depressive, and other mental disorders.

Front 43

Formal neuropsychological testing should be ?

Back 43

administered and scored by personnel trained in the use of testing instruments.

Front 44

WHAT DIAGNOSTIC:

A. has presence of one (or more) delusions with a duration of 1 month+

B. Criterion A for schizophrenia has never been met (Hallucinations are not prominent/related to delusion theme)

C. Functioning is not markedly impaired. Behavior not obviously bizarre/odd.

D. If manic/depressive episodes present, they are brief compared to delusional periods

E. Not attributed to physiological effects related to other disorder

Back 44

Delusional disorder.

EXTRA: more common in men than females, but no overall frequency differences, social indicators may be evident in individual's social, marital, or work problems. More prevalent in older individuals. Most likely seems normal in behavior when delusions are not being discussed/acted upon.

Front 45

Specifications of Delusional Disorder are:

Back 45

SPECIFY WHETHER:

Erotomanic, grandiose, jealous, persecutory, somatic, mixed, and/or unspecified type.

SPECIFY IF:

delusions have bizarre content.

Front 46

Delusional disorder differentials:

Back 46

Obsessive-compulsive, body dysmorphia, delirium, major neurocognitive disorder, psychotic disorder due to another condition, substance/medication-induced psychotic disorder, schizophrenia, schizophreniform, depressive, bipolar, and schizoaffective disorder.

Front 47

Brief Psychotic Disorder Criteria dictates that, to follow criteria, the length of an episode should be _______ .

Back 47

At least 1 day but less than 1 month, with eventual full return to premorbid level of functioning

Front 48

Brief Psychotic Disorder must have one or more of what symptoms?

Back 48

1. Delusions

2. Hallucinations

3. Disorganized speech

4. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior

NOTE: do not include a symptom if it a culturally sanctioned response.

Front 49

To be considered Brief Psychotic Disorder, behavior should not be explained by what?

Back 49

The presence of Brief Psychotic Disorder symptoms should not be better explained by major depressive or bipolar disorder with psychotic features or another psychotic disorder such as schizophrenia or catatonia and it should not be attributable to the physiological effects of a substance.

Front 50

Specifications in Brief Psychotic Disorder:

Back 50

With marked stressors (brief reactive psychosis)

Without marked stressors

With postpartum onset

With catatonia

Front 51

To be marked by stressors (brief reactive psychosis) means?

Back 51

If symptoms occur in response to events that, singly or together, would be markedly stressful to almost anyone in similar circumstances in the individual's culture.

Front 52

To be marked without stressors means?

Back 52

If symptoms do not occur in response to events that, singly or together, would be markedly stressful to almost anyone in similar circumstances in the individual's culture.

Front 53

With postpartum onset means?

Back 53

If onset is during pregnancy or within 4 weeks postpartum.

Front 54

Specifications of severity in psychotic disorders are rated by?

Back 54

Severity is rated by a quantitative assessment of the primary symptoms of psychosis, including delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, abnormal psychomotor behavior, and negative symptoms. Each of these symptoms may be rated for it current severity (most sever in the last 7 days) on a 5-point scale ranging from 0 (not present) to 4 (present and severe).

NOTE: Diagnosis of brief psychotic disorder can be made without using this severity specifier.

Front 55

A change from a nonpsychotic state to a clearly psychotic state within 2 weeks, usually without a prodrome is describe as ?

Back 55

Sudden onset.

(prodrome=an early symptom indicating the onset of a disease or illness.)

Front 56

Brief psychotic disorder accounts for __% of cases of first-onset _____.

Back 56

9%; psychosis

Front 57

Average age of onset for brief psychotic disorder is?

Back 57

Onset can occur across the lifespan, but the average onset age is around mid 30s. It may appear in adolescence or early adulthood.

Front 58

Temperamental factors and preexisting personality disorders and traits (E.g., schizotypal personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, etc.) may affect an individual in what way in regards to those who fit brief psychotic disorder criteria?

Back 58

Temperament factors and preexisting personality disorders and traits may predispose the individual to the development of brief psychotic disorder.

Front 59

Differential diagnoses of brief psychotic disorder are?

Back 59

Other medical conditions (Cushing's syndrome, brain tumor), substance-related disorders, depressive and bipolar disorders, other psychotic disorders, malingering and factitious disorders, personality disorders.

Front 60

Schizophreniform Disorder would be diagnosed over schizoaffective disorder or depressive/bipolar disorder with psychotic features due to?

Back 60

Either no major depressive or manic episodes have occurred concurrently with the active-phase symptoms or if mood episodes have occurred during active-phase symptoms and they have been present for a minority of the total duration of the active and residual periods of the illness.

Front 61

What are the differences between a prognosis with good features and a prognosis without good features regarding schizophreniform disorder specification?

Back 61

With good prognostic features: this specifier requires the presence of at least two of the following features: onset of prominent psychotic symptoms within 4 weeks of the first noticeable change in usual behavior or functioning; confusion or perplexity; good premorbid social occupational functioning; and absence of blunted or flat affect.

Without good prognostic features: this specifier is applied if two or more of the above features have not been present

Front 62

Individuals who fit criteria for schizophreniform disorder are more likely to develop what other disorder?

Back 62

Schizophrenia

Front 63

Differential diagnoses for schizophreniform disorder?

Back 63

Other mental disorders and medical conditions (delirium or major neurocognitive disorder; substance/medication induced psychotic disorder/delirium; depressive or bipolar disorder with psychotic features; schizoaffective disorder etc.) and brief psychotic disorder, which varies in duration criteria.

NOTE: Brief psychotic disorder occurs between 1 day to 1 month. Schizophreniform disorder is longer than 1 month but less than 6 months. After 6 months, criteria falls into line with schizophrenia instead.

Front 64

When a history of autism spectrum disorder or a communication disorder of childhood onset is concurrently present with schizophrenia criteria, what dictates the additional diagnosis of schizophrenia?

Back 64

Schizophrenia should only be added to preexisting autistic/communication disorder diagnoses when prominent delusions or hallucinations are present in addition to the other required symptoms of schizophrenia for at least 1 month.

Front 65

A time period in which symptom criteria is fulfilled is known as ?

Back 65

Acute episode

Front 66

Partial remission is?

Back 66

a period of time during which an improvement after a previous episode is maintained and in which the defining criteria of the disorder are only partially fulfilled.

Front 67

Full remission is?

Back 67

A period of time after a previous episode during which no disorder-specific symptoms are present.

Front 68

Continuous symptoms are known by?

Back 68

Symptoms fulfilling the diagnostic symptom criteria of the disorder are remaining for the majority of the illness course, with subthreshold symptom periods being very brief relative to the overall course.