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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Five layers of the scalp
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Skin, CT, Aponeurotic layer, Loose CT, pericranium
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How many layers tear with a scalping injury?
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All the way up to the Loose CT layer (3 top tightly bound layers)
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Where doe the blood vessels and nerves in the scalp run?
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In the dense CT. Holds vessels open when they are cut. Excessive bleeding
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What is the epicranial aponeurosis?
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Galea aponeurotica - attaches two bellies of occipitofrontalis muscle
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Muscles of facial expression develop from where?
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Second pharyngeal (branchial) arch
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What are the muscles of facial expression innervated by?
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CN 7
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What are the four groups of facial expression?
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Orbital
Nasal Oral Other |
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What is the orbital group of facial expression?
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Orbicularis oculi
Palpebral part which gently closes eye. Orbital part which more forcefully and tightly closes eye. |
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What does orbicularis oculi do?
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Must be functional for corneal and blink reflexes.
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What muscles are in the oral group of facial expression?
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Orbicularis oris.
Buccinator. |
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Function of buccinator?
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Important in expelling air from mouth as in whistling and playing instruments.
Also important in keeping food between the teeth when chewing. |
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What penetrates the buccinator muscle?
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Penetrated by the parotid (Stensen’s) duct.
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What does the buccinator share with the superior pharyngeal constrictor?
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Pterygomandibular raphe
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What muscles are in the nasal group?
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Nasalis
Procerus Depressor septi nasi |
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What does nasalis do?
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Involved in flaring the nostrils.
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What does procerus do?
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Draws medial border of eyebrows downward.
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What does depressor septi nasi do?
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Pull nasal septum downward to help flare nostrils.
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What muscles are in the "other" group?
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Platysma
Occipitofrontalis Auricular (Vestigial in most people.) |
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What does platysma do?
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Tenses skin of the neck.
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What does the occipitofrontalis do?
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Associated with the scalp
Frontalis wrinkles forehead. |
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What does the auricular muscle do?
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About 10-20% of human can wiggle their ears.
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What is the parotid gland?
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Largest of the 3 major salivary gland
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What is the name of the duct for the parotid gland?
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Stensen’s duct
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What passes through the parotid gland?
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Facial nerve (motor)
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What is embedded within the substanc of the parotid gland?
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External carotid
Retromandibular vein |
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What is the facial artery a branch of?
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Major blood supply to face.
Branch of external carotid. Arises from anterior aspect of external carotid. |
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What are the branches of the facial artery?
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Branches:
Labial branches Inferior Superior Lateral nasal Angular |
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What is the path of the facial artery?
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Passes deep to submandibular gland.
Curves around inferior border of mandible, anterior to masseter muscle. |
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What is the transverse facial a branch of?
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The superficial temporal, arises within the substance of the parotid gland
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What are the branches of the opthamalic artery?
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Branches of ophthalmic artery.
Zygomaticofacial. Zygomaticotemporal. Dorsal nasal. Terminal branch of ophthalmic. |
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What are the branches of the mental artery?
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Infraorbital.
Buccal. Mental. |
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With what do the veins of the face anastamose?
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Veins of the face anastomose with deep venous structures.
Pterygoid plexus. Cavernous sinus. |
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Why is an infection on your face dangerous?
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Anastomoses are valveless and therefore infection can spread to deep structure.
Spread to cavernous sinus extremely dangerous. - beneath your brain |
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What is the lymphatic drainage of the face?
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Drainage to primarily three groups of nodes.
Submental Submandibular Pre-auricular and parotid All into the DEEP CERVICAL NODES |
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What are the two largest deep cervical nodes?
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Jugulodigastric
Jugulo-omohyoid, |
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Where does the jugulo-omohyoid receive drainage from?
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which also receives drainage from the tongue, receives drainage from the submental nodes.
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Where does the jugulodigastric node receive drainage from?
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receives drainage from pre-auricular and parotid.
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What is the only sensory nerve of the face?
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Trigeminal
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What are the five sensory branches of the opthalamic trigeminal?
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Supraorbital
Supratrochlear. Infratrochlear Lacrimal External nasal |
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What are the three branches of the maxillary nerve of the trigeminal?
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Infraorbital.
Zygomaticotemporal. Zygomaticofacial. |
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Three sensory branches of trigeminal?
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Ophthalmic
Maxillary Mandibular |
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What are the functional divisions of the facial nerve?
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Branchial Motor
Special Sensory Parasympathetic |
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What does the Branchial motor branch of the facial nerve innervate?
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Motor to muscles of facial expression
Also stapedius muscle, posterior belly of digastric muscle |
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What is the special sensory innervation of the facial nerve?
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Taste anterior 2/3 of tongue via chorda tympani
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What is the parasympathetic innervation of the facial nerve?
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Preganglionic efferents arise in the superior salivatory nucleus
Via greater petrosal and nerve of pterygoid canal to pterygopalatine ganglion Via chorda tympani to submandibular gland |
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What is the motor innervation of the facial nerve?
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2nd pharyngeal (branchial) arch
Temporal Zygomatic Buccal Mandibular Cervical |
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What is the course of the facial nerve?
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Enters via internal acoustic meatus --> gives off greater petrosal --> genu (bend) --> sensory ganglion (geniculate ganglion) --> Facial canal (covered in bone) --> travels through the middle ear cavity --> gives off nerve to stapedius muscle --> continues in bone in facial canal --> gives off the chorda tympanae branch (goes back up into middle ear cavity) --> out the stylomastoid foramen
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What is the course of the chorda tympani nerve?
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Chordae --> middle ear cavity --> between incus and malleus deep to tympanic membrane --> through the petrytympanic fissure.
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Why do deep lacerations of the scalp gape open?
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Deep lacerations, those passing through the aponeurosis pull of the two bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle.
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Cutaneous innervation of forehead from?
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Supratrochlear and supra-orbital nerves
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Cutaneous innervation of anterior ear (temporal area)?
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Zygomaticotemporal and auriculotemporal nerves
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Cutaneous innervation behind the ear?
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Greater auricular nerve
ant ramus C2 Lesser occipital nerve ant ramus C2,C3 |
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Cutaneous innervation of the back of the head?
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Greater occipital nerve
posterior ramus C2 Third occipital nerve posterior ramus C3 C4 |
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Branches of opthalmic artery and vein
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Supratrochlear a/v
Supra-orbital a/v Superficial temporal a/v |
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Branches of external carotid and external jugular vein
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Posterior auricular vein
Posterior auricular artery Occipital vein Occipital artery |
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Lymph flow in the face
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Face --> submental and submandibular
Jaw --> pre-auricular and parotid nodes Back of head --> Jugular and occipital nodes All to upper deep cervical nodes |