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146 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do the ribosomes do?
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make proteins
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What do the ribosomes do?
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make proteins
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Golgi Apparatus
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Packages stuff
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
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Produce Lipids
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
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Produce proteins
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Mitochondria
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Produce ATP
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What does ATP stand for?
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Adenosine Triphosphate
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Differences between an animal and plant cell
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Presence of large vacuoles, chloroplasts, and cell wall in plant cells.
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Carbohydrates are composed of?
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Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
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What ratio is involved with carbs?
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1,2,1 ratio
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What is C6 H12 06?
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Glucose
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What are the monosaccharides?
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Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
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Glucose+Fructose makes?
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Sucrose
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Glucose+Glucose makes?
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Maltose
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Glucose+galactose makes?
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Lactose
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What is sucrose?
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Table sugar
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What is maltose?
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Grain sugar
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What is lactose?
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Milk sugar
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What are the elements of lipids?
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Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
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What is a function of lipids?
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Long term storage of energyMake up cell membrane
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What are the elements of proteins?
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Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Sulfur, Nitrogen
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What is the subunit of proteins?
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Amino Acids
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What are the elements of Nucleic acid?
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Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorous.
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Cytosine pairs with?
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Guanine
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Adenine pairs with?
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Thymine
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In RNA what does Adenine pair with?
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Uracil
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Simple diffusion goes from high to low concentration true or false?
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TRUE
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Exocytosis is?
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Moving items out of the cell
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Pinocytosis?
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To drink, aka bring fluids into the cell
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Phagocytosis?
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To eat, aka bring food into the cell
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Endocytosis
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to bring into the cell
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A hypotonic solution is?
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A low concentration of solutes
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What are the four stages of Mitosis?
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Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
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What occurs in prophase?
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DNA forms into chromosomesThe nuclear membrane breaks downMicrotubules start forming.
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What occurs in metaphase?
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Chromosomes align at the centre
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What occurs in anaphase?
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Chromosomes are pulled apart.
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What happens in telophase?
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New nuclear membrane appears.
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What is a chromatid?
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Half of a chromosome
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Meiosis produces what type of cell?
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Haploid
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What occurs in prophase I?
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DNA condenses into chromosomesSynapsis occurs tetrad is formed.Swapping over occurs
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Metaphase I
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Tetrads align along the centreDNA from mother or father is randomly put on either side, this is the second chance for variation.
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What is the equatorial plate?
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The centre of the cell.
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Are the stages of meiosis II the same as mitosis?
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Yes
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What is trisomy?
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When you have one extra chromosome in a haploid cell.
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What is monosomy?
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When you have one less chromosome in a haploid cells.
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What is karyotyping?
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Looking at chromosomes in a cell
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What are the types of white blood cells?(BLEMN)
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NeutrophilsEosinophilsBasophilsLymphocytesMonocytes
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What is the scientific name for white blood cells?
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leukocytes.
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What is the scientific name for red blood cells?
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Erythrocytes.
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What is the scientific name for platelets?
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thrombocytes
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Which type of blood vessel has backflow valves?
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Veins
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Where is the tricuspid valve located?
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between the right atrium and right ventricle.
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Where is the mitral valve?
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between the left atrium and left ventricle
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Starting from the pulmonary semilunar valve what are the valves a drop of blood will travel through? (In order)
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Mitral valveAortic Semilunar valveTricuspidback around to the pulmonary semilunar valve
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Where does the electric pulse go in the heart?
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Starts at the SA node ––> AV node ––> AV bundle (AKA bundle of his) ––> purkinje fibers
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Carbohydrates are?
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Sugars, Starch, and cellulose.
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the bolus travels down the?
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Esophagus.
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What is the name of the sphincter that keeps food from going the wrong direction?
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Cardiac Sphincter
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These cells secrete mucus.
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goblet cells
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These cells secrete pepsinogen.
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Chief cells
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These muscle contractions move food down the esophagus.
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peristalsis
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how long is the duodenum?
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First 30cm of the small intestine
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what does bile do?
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Break down fats.
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What do the ribosomes do?
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make proteins
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Where is the Jejunum and Ileum?
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Small Intestine
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Where are the most nutrients absorbed?
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Small Intestine
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What produces bile?
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Liver
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What is hydrochloric acid made of?
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Pepsin, Mucus, and water
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What keeps the stomach from digesting itself?
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Mucus
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What activates pepsinogen?
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HCL (Hydrochloric acid)
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What are the blood vessels a drop of blood will flow through starting at the Aorta?
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Aorta, Artery, Arterioles, Capillaries, Venule, Vein, Vena cava
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What is the larynx?
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Voice box
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What automotive part may the trachea be compared to?
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Flex hose
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What order do the bronchi go?
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Bronchi, Secondary Bronchi, Bronchioles
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Does breathing work with similar principles to billows?
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Yes, Low pressure inside lungs to breathe in, and vice versa
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Which type of breathing is used consciously?
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Intercostal
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Does the rate of breathing work like a O2 fuel sensor behind a Cat converter?
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Yes, if oxygen is too low breathing will increase
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Does oxygen diffuse into blood?
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Yes
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What is the different levels of classification?
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Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
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What is the structure of a virus like?
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Well designed, single piece of RNA or DNA that is surrounded by protein
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What is the lytic cycle?
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Inject into host, replicate viruses until cell bursts.
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What is the lysogenic cycle
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Add itself to host DNA, once triggered create viruses
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What is gene therapy?
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The removal of a virus's DNA from an infected cell.
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Where does mitosis take place in plants?
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Meristem
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What is the dermal tissue?
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The outside tissue
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What are the three types of ground tissue?
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Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma
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What is collenchyma?
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Makes cell wall thicker (strands, e.g. celery)
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What is sclerenchyma?
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Stiffest, for support
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What is a petiole?
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where the leaf attaches to the stem
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How long does primary growth last?
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First year of plant life
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What is the purpose of roots?
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Anchor, Store, Absorb
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Herbaceous stems are?
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Stems like bean plant, pea plant, tomato, etc.
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Is the palm tree a woody plant?
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No.
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What does the hormone Auxin do?
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elongation
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Gravitropism, what does it do?
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Sense gravity
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What does thigmotropism do?
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Sense a thing touching it.
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What does gibberellin do?
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Grows in size.
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What does cytokines do?
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Increase cell division.
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What is an example species you may find in porifera?
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Sponge
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Where is the fluke worm classified?
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Platyhelminthes
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What is an example species of Mollusk?
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Clam, Oyster, Octopus
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Example species of echinoderm?
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Starfish, Sand Dollar, Sea Urchin.
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What is an example species of arthropod?
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Insect, Lobster/crayfish, spider.
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What lowers the acidity of chyme after it leaves the stomach?
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Bicarbonate
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External costal muscles send the diaphragm in what direction in what direction?
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up
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What is the name of the disease caused by smoking to the alveoli?
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Empohsemia
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When does the lysogenic cycle go lytic?
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When the immune system is weak.
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Name a virus that affects plants
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Tobacco Mosaic
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T4 bacteriophage virus affects?
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Bacteria
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HIV and Herpes both use which cycle?
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Lysogenic
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The different shapes of bacteria are?
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Cocci, Bacilli, Spiral
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What are modes of being motile for bacteria?
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Cillia, Flagella
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Does bacteria have a proper nucleus?
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No, they are prokaryotic.
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What might a decomposer bacteria be called?
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saprophyte
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A bacteria that needs oxygen is called?
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Obligate Aerobes
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What is a protist like?
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Fungi like, plant like, animal like
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What are the three basic types of ground tissue?
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Ground, Vascular, Dermal.
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HCL is secreted from which cells?
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Parietal
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Where is the pyloric sphincter?
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at the entrance to the small intestine
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Where does bicarbonate come from?
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The pancreas
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This enzyme breaks down lipids
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lipase
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This enzyme breaks down starches
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Amylase
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This enzyme breaks down proteins
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Trypsin
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This enzyme breaks down nucleic acids.
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Nuclease
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Which hormone stimulates the gallbladder to release bile?
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CCK
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What do proteins do?
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can be used in structures of the cell, also for moving things in or out of the cell.
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What happens to carbohydrates that are not used immediately in the body?
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Converted to Glycogen and stored as fat and liver until needed.
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What are the three major groups of chemicals in DNA?
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Sugars, phosphate groups, and four nitrogenous bases.
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How does Lactic Acid fermentation work?
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Glucose broken down into lactic acid
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Who discovered the structure of DNA?
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James Watson
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The ectoderm will form what?
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Skin and the nervous system
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The endoderm will form what?
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The lining of the gut
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The mesoderm will form what?
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Circulatory, Reproductive, excretory, and muscular systems
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How many body layers does a sponge have?
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two layers
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How many body layers does a species in cnidaria have?
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Two layers
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What do vitamins/minerals do?
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Help with chemical reactions
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What do carbohydrates do?
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Primary source of energy
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Name three things that affect diffusion
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Pressure, temperature, concentration
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Name two types of endocytosis
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Pinocytosis and phagocytosis
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What causes down syndrome?
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extra copy of chromosome 21
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What stimulates the pancreatic and bile secretions?
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Scretin
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What stimulates release of gastric juices into the stomach
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Gastrin
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What are the major organs of the lymphatic system?
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Thymus, Spleen, Tonsils
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These organs are a nursery for lymphocytes
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Thymus and Spleen
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What two things control the opening and closing of guard cells?
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Water and potassium ions
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What are the parts of the amniotic egg?
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Amnion, yolk sac, allantois, chorion
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