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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How does poverty affect devleopment? |
Most impactful in the early childhood and or womens child bearing years. Poverty results in a lack of resources in the enviornment necessary for the development. |
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What are the three components of food security? |
1. Food availability: enoguh quanities of food on a consistent basis 2. Food access: having the resources to obtain the appropriate food 3. Food use: knowledge on basic nutrition and care, as well as good water and sanitation |
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What are the 4 levels for measuring food security? |
1. high food security: there is no problem acquiring food, no anxiety about accessing food 2. marginal food security: there are sometimes problems or anxieties about getting food, but quality/intake and quantity of food is never greatly reduced. 3. low food security: the quality/quantity or desirability of food has had to be reduced, but the quantity is able to remain pretty consistent 4. very low food security: at times in the year the patters of the household had to be disrupted and food intake reduced due to lack of money and resources for food. |
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The USDA considers houshold food security to exsist if three or more of these are present.... |
- worry of running out of food before getting money - the food supply did not last and there is no more money to buy more - unable to afford the food to make balanced meals - adults felt they ate less than they should - adults reduced the size of their meal or skipped meal for 3 or more months |
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What is Sanders multidimensional approach to racial identification? |
This considering the multiple levels of idneity that must be considered when working with african american people. |
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What is Sanders definition of racial group identification? |
She defines this as a psychological attachment to one of several social catergories based on race, skin colour or common history, particularily as it relates to oppression and discrimination due to skin colour. |
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What is the Kinsey scale? What are the ratings? |
The kinsey scae is a way of identifying between heterosexual people and homosexual people. The ratings are 0 - entirely heterosexual 1 - Predominantly heterosexual, only incidentally homosexual. 2 - Predominantly heterosexual, but with a distinct homosexual history. 3 - both heterosexual and homosexual 4 - Predominantly homosexual, but with a distinct heterosexual history. 5 - Predominantly homosexual, only incidentally heterosexual. 6 - Entirely homosexual |
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How does Gardiner define intelligence |
He was a big advocate for getting rid of unitary IQ tests and moving towards more alternative ways. He defined intelligence as the ability to sovle problems or fashion problems that are valued in one or more cultural/community settings |
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What are Garner's type of intelligences? |
1. linguistic intelligence (using language to express yourself) 2. logical-mathematical (most of the IQ tests are based on this) 3. spatial (the ability to form mental model of a spatial world and use that model, think sailors, surgeons, engineers) 4. musical (appreciate music as a form of expression) 5. bodily kinesthetic (using the body to solve or fashion problems, think dancers or athletes) 6. interpersonal (understanding people, their motivations and how to work with them) 7. intrapersonal (the ability to understand oneself and use that model in lfie) |
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What are the stages of creativity? |
1. preparation 2. incubation 3. insight or illumination 4. manifestation |
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What are the 4 types of identity within african americans? |
- physical identity (being comfortable with the physical attributes of aa) - psychological identity (sense of concern, commitment and pride in racial group) - sociopolitical identity (attitude towards the social and political issues facing the community) - cultural identity (the awareness and knowledge of aa traditions) |
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What is familieness? |
These are the traditional funstions and repsonsibilities given to families by society. Examples include childbearing, intimacy and security. |
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How does our definition of family influence social work? |
there is a direct impact on the nature of the practice models we use when working with families. it also influences the kinds of polices we have. |
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What are some of the current influences on families? |
- less nuclear families - more divorce rates - multigenerational households - same sex partners |
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what is family centred practice? |
Members of the family determine who is a part of the family, not professionals |
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What are the changes in traditional family life cycle models? |
- There is increasing attention to diversity and our definitions of family - lower birthrates, longer life expectancy - change to womens roles - more divorce and remarriage |
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What are the 3 ways grandparents become parents? |
1. custodial grandparents 2. daycare grandparents 3. living with grandparents |
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What is the difference between sociogenic and ontogenetic? |
sociogenic is focused on the entire lifetime of the individual and family as the develop in the context of the larger society. Ontogenetic is more focsued on individuals and is related to their chronoloigcal age. |
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What is ethnic stratification? |
Where a fixed group membership is used as one of the standards of judgement for assigning social position and status (race, religion and nationality) |
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What is ascribed status? |
This is a permanent status that is based on characteristics or conditions that the subject can not control. |
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What is fictive kinship? |
The caregiving and mutual aid relationship among people who are not related (mainly in the black community) due to their common ancestry, history and social plight |
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What is kinship care? |
The full time care of children by members of their tribe, clan or group, when they can not be in the care of their parents. This started in african history |
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What is a group? |
Can be defined as a small face to face collection of people who have a shared purpose or goal. |
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What is the product and process method of looking at groups? |
Considering if a group is focused on the process of the product. It suggests that groups operate on two different level, the task level and the process dimension. The task level being focused on accomplishing the groups goals and the process level is most concerned with the relationships between the members of the group. |
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What would the traditional and alternative perspectives focus on in the product and process model? |
the traditional perspective would be most focused on achieving the goals of the group, the alternative model is most focused on the group relationships as goals may not be reached if the relationships are bad. |
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What are the 3 levels of membership in a group? |
1. Formal or full membership 2. Marginal membership 3. Aspiring member |
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What are Lewin's 3 styles of leadership |
democratic, autocratic and laissez-faire |
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What is the trait notion of leadership? |
this is the idea that leaders are born leaders and that there are specific traits that people either have or don't have. |
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What is a situational leader? |
This suggests that in certain scenarios people will step into leadership roles when they need to. |
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What is positional leadership? |
Leadership is defined by the position you hold. |
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What is the alternative perspective of functional leadership? |
suggests that the role of leadership is to help people achieve their goals. this means that literally anyone can be a leader. it also suggests that people may have th traits to lead in certain scenarios and not others. |
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What are the 3 functions of democratic leaders? |
1. distributing responsbility: spreading responsbility, not keeping for oneself. 2. empowerment: showing genuine concern for the members. the goal is to make everyone a leader and yourself replacable 3. aiding deliberation: listening carefully to all. |
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What are roles and norms in groups? |
roles are what is the expectations about appropriate behaviour for people in partocular positions. the norms are the expectations in behaviour for group members |
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what is idiosyncracy credit? |
this is the ability for group members to deviate from group norms without being puniched. There are a couple reasons this may happen... 1. having a high status in the group 2. displaying competence 3. when you adhere to group norms, deviating them occassionaly may not be punished 4. being group oriented in motivation |
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What are Napier and Gershenfeld's list for task oriented roles? |
- the initiator starts by suggesting a task - opinion seeker asks for info about group concerns - the opinion giver offers the information being asked for - the clarifier tries to clear up any group confusion - the summarizer restates the groups suggestions - the consensus tester checks in with group members to ensure everyone meets their goals. |
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What are Napier and Gershenfeld's list for process focused roles? |
- the encourager gives support and opportunities for people to contribute - the expressor attempts to read the room and understand what people are thinking - the harmonzier attempts to help reconcile tension - the compromiser is willing to fix arguements - the gatekeeper aims to make sure that everyone gets a chance to speak - the standard setter suggests the standards the group should have |
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What is Napier and Gershenfeld's individual roles? |
- the blocker talks about how ideas will not work and why their ideas are better - the self confessor uses the group to talk about personal problems and get sympathy - the recognition seeker offers their personal response to a problem to show the group what they should do - the dominator tries to take over the group by interupting and aiming to assert dominent status - the cynical humorist uses double edged humour to make the group think they are pointless the special interest pleader attempts to sway group towards their interests. |
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What is group think and name some symptoms? |
phenonmenon where the emphasis on group cohesion impacts the members ability to effectively think. People become invested in group mentality. Some symptoms are; illusion that the group can't fail, shared illusion of unanimity, collective efforts to rationalize, unquestioned belief in group morality. |
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What are sequential stage theories? |
These outline the typical order of the phases that groups develop. They are more consistent with traditional models and Tuckmans and Jensense model (forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning) is one |
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What are recurring phase theories? |
These focus more on the issues that dominate group interaction that recur over and over again. They are more consistent with alternative models. Groups are viewed in circular rather than linear patterns. Social systems/ecoloigcal perspective is an example of this |
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What is the social systmes model? |
Allows us to look at the bigger picture and take into consideration the historical influences of the members within our group. The systems approach would look at things like; outside racism/ sexism, funding cuts, past group experiences. |
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What are some of the main areas where race plays a big role in group composition? |
- group composition, should groups be racially homogenous. - culture and communication - trust also needs to recieve special attention in groups with various backgrounds - status and roles should be watched becasue there is a tendency to attach power to specific members |
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What is trifocal tension? |
a method to deal with racial tension... 1. consider issues related to individuals 2. consider issues related to the group 3. consider issues related to the larger enviornment |
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What are the 3 things that make groups effective if they accomplish them? |
1. goal achievement 2. maintenance of good working relationships 3. adaptation to changing enviornment that allow effectiveness to be maintained. |
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What is community? |
Community can be defined as a collective of people. This can include individuals, groups, organization, families, shared interests and some degree of mutual identification of members belonging to a collective |
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What are some of the traditional perspectives of community? |
1. community as a place (where we do day to day activities, such as a neighborhood) 2. community as function (community provides the resources necessary for daily living, such as socialization, social control and support) 3. community as middle ground (where peoples primary relationships come together with their secondary relationships) 4. community as ways of relating (shifts the idea of community as a concrete place to something more abstract, people share membership) 5. community as social system (more comprehensive and holistic, the idea that the community influences the larger enviornment) |
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What is the difference between gemeinschaft and gesellschaft relationships? |
Gemeinschaft relationships are the way of relating to others based on shared traditions, culture and a way of life. Whereas, gesellschaft realtionships are ways of relating to eachother based on contract like exchanges such as one member doing something for another and that person returning the favour. |
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What is the alternative perspective for communities? |
There is only one, nonplace community. This is a community that lacks attachment to a specific place or geographic territory. These are sometimes reffered to as communities of the mind, communities of interest or identificational communities. |
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what are the historical perspectives of organizations? |
Pharaohs created organizations to create the pyramids, chinese emperors used organizations to manage irrigation systems, pope has the first universal church to manage |
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What is Talcott Parson's defintion of organization? |
similar to communities and groups, it is a collection of people who have a specialiazed goal or mission they want to accomplish |
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What are the goals of organizations |
1. Social care: goals that are directed towards changing the enviornment for people so they can improve the quality of life 2. Social control: goals directed towards controlling deviant people 3. Rehabilitation: goals directed towards changing people so they have improved quality of life and more opportunties to reach potential 4. Goal Displacement: an organization that begins to pursue goals that are contrary from the original goals 5. Goal succession: replacing one goal with another when the first goal has be accomplished. |
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what is an issue of organizations have multiple goals? |
They may experience conflict due to the amount of resources or energy that it takes to devote to all of these goals. |
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What are the types of organizations? |
1. private for profit/market sector: buisness' that have the goal of economic gain 2. government organizations: this is public sector organizations such as public health, education and human services 3. private/ not for profit: the voluntary or civil sector, they are funded privately through foundations or citizens. |
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What is scientific management? |
a traditional theory about defining, structuring and managing organization. It relies on the perspectives of science when trying to understand groups |
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What are the 4 principles of scientific management? |
1. science of work: the idea that there is one best way to do something 2. scientific selection and training of workers: Using specific methods to determing if workers will suit a position 3. focused on bringing together: ensuring that management and workers are together to complete tasks. Often uses rewards for complying with specific tasks 4. focused on expanding management roles: Managers became responsible for defining, monitoring, and standardizing the roles of the workers. Redivision of labour. |
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What are the themes of scientific management? |
- high job specialization - clear divisions of labour - distinct heirarchy of authority - assumptions that motivation comes from ecnomonic rewards |
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What is the hawthorne effect? |
The idea that workers were motivated by more than just economics. They were also motivated by feeling of contribution to the group |
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What is informal group structure norms? |
was used to set production norms. Workers didn't want to produce too much for fear of being laid off and were also concerned about production being fair and management not getting taken advantage of by low production levels. |
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What is the difference between theory X and theory Y? |
Theory X was used by managers and had the general assumption that managers had to control workers (people are lazy, can't be trusted, no motivation). Theory Y refelcted the idea that the role of managers was to create a supportive relationship where employees could grow (believes people are inherently good, they can like work, responsible and autonomous) |
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What is contingency theory? |
Everything is situational and organizations should always act in a tone of uncertainty. |
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What are the 4 stages of the organizational life cycle theory? |
1. startup stage 2. growth stage 3. expansion stage 4. stability stage |
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What is the multidimensional model of racial identity? |
This is a model that is meant to help us understand the complexities of African lives, identities and behaviours. |
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What is multiracial identity? |
It is encouraging people to embrace all aspects of racial identities. This is good for multiracial conciousness. |
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What are the two models of thought Gilligan noticed between men and women? |
Males tended to have a more individualized thought process and emphasize seperation and impersonality. Women were more connected and had sense of social responsibility. |
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What are Gilligans 3 levels of moral developement? |
- moral problems arise out of conflicting responsibilities - morality centres around activity of care. |
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What are some of the different ways people experience bisexuality |
- some prefer one gender over another |
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What is active aging theory |
the idea that in order to remain purpose in life, elders need to replace lost roles with new roles |
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What is gerotranscedence? |
suggests that as we age we change from a materialistic/rational vision to a cosmic trasncedence vision. |
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What are the 3 components of community as a non-place? |
1. new towns, creating new towns that are not characterized by the oppression and discrimination that most towns in NA are 3. Virtual community |
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What are comprehensive community initiatives? |
Holistic and integrative approaches for community building and renewal |
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What is blockbusting? |
Using the racial fears of whites about african americans to manipulate the housing market. SOmetimes when african american families move into a neighborhood, white families feel manipulated to selling their home |
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What is racial steering? |
A process that perpetuates exsisting patterns of segregation. It involves real estate agents steering people to certain neighborhoods to keep things racially homogenous. |
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What is redlining |
Discrimination by banks and other lenders that declares certain geographical areas as bas investments. These areas often coincide with poor neighborhoods. |
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How many principles are there in Islam and how many pillars? |
There are seven basic principles in Islam and 5 PIllars |
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What is the difference between international and global? |
They are often thought to mean the same thing, international is a narrower term that means anything between two nations. Global refers to the planet as a whole. |
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What are the 4 phases of international social work? |
1. Early Pioneers: Primary approaches were the charity organization societies and the settlement house. Values patternalism, ethnocentrism and social control 2. Professional imperialism: developing social work education in other countries. Values are the same as the other stage. 3. The reconceptualization and indigenization of social work: there was a lack of indigenous awareness in social work. Rejection of western models and movement towards alternative. Values are regionalization, seperation and localization |
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What is the 3 step model of indigenization? |
1. The globalisation-localisation debate: alongside globalization there was a tendency towards development of locally based solutions 2. The westernisation-indigenisation debate: asking if western social work is relevant to other communities? 3. The multicultural-universalization debate: what are the implications of built in cultural biases. Our values are not universal, even if we try to make them so. |
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What is neoliberalism? |
The conservative revolution that calls for the return of extreme capitalism and control over the financial market. The main focus is maximizing profit. |
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What is the social development model? |
Can be defined in many ways, but the main thing is they all have the goal of trying to fulfill human desires. They believe that social programs should not be bandaid solutions, but actively work to improve peoples lives. |
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What are the 4 humans rights categories? |
1. Recogntion of human dignity 2. Recognition of civil and political rights 3. Economic and social rights 4. Soidarity rights |
