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73 Cards in this Set

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ethene -> ethane
reacted with hydrogen gas, nickel catalyst,150degees, high pressure,
Bromine + alkene
electrophilic addition
electrophile
electron pair acceptor, partially positively charged
Alkenes +hydrogen halids
alkenes undergo addition with hydrogen halides. rtp
alkene -> alcohol
react alkene with water, H2SO4 catalyst, H2SO4 + alkene in electrophilic addition, water added, hydrolysis and catalyst regenerated,
ethene -> ethanol
ethene hydrated by steam 300degrees, 60atm pressure, solid phosphoric(v) acid catalyst
alcohol -> alkene
reflux, alcohols dehydrated, elimination of water, hot aluminum oxide catalyst, of reflux with excess h2so4 170degrees ethene collected over water
alcohol oxidised by
burning, oxidising agent
primary alcohol oxidises to
aldehydes then carboxylic acid
secondary alcohol oxidises to
ketones
Aldehyde or carboxylic acid from primary oxidisation
distillation equipment used so aldehyde distilled off so it doesn't oxidise again to carboxylic acid
copolymer
made from more than one type of monomer in random order
Thermoplastic polymer
no cross linking, weak intermolecular bonds, can melt and remold
Thermosetting polymers
covalent cross linking, giant 3d structure, strong, insoluble, char when heated doest soften
stereoisomers
same structural formula, different arrangement in space
E/Z
E when one above one bellow double bond, Z when both above / both bellow
Fingerprint region
between 1000cm-1 - 1550cm1, unique to each compound. less than 1500cm-1
polymer with lots of OH groups
strong hydrogen bonds between molecules so insoluble as too much energy to break
polymers with few OH groups
not many H bonds with water so insoluble
CO2, SiO2
CO2 simple molecule, SiO2 giant molecular structure
Homogeneous catalyst
Forms intermediates, activation enthalpy of intermediates lower
anthropogenic
effect due to humans
infra red
bonds vibrate more
UV/Visible
gives electrons more energy
Heterolytic fission
two different substances formed, different charges
Homolytic fission
two radicals formed, same charge, no charge
Halogen+alkane
halogenoalkanes, photochemical reaction, free-radical substitution reaction, 3 stages
Photochemical reaction
started by UV light/radiation
Initiation
free radicals produced
propagation
free radicals used up but remade
Termination
free radicals form stable molecules
Carbon-Halogen bonds
UV can break up Carbon-Halogen bonds, homolytic fission
ozone layer situated
edge of stratosphere
ozone at ground level
causes photochemical smog by mixing with solid particles, eg carbon, ozone toxic to humans
elsastomers
polymers that are soft and springy and return to their original shape
fibre
polymers that do not deform easily so can be made into strong threads, nylon
two double bonds present
-diene
electrophile from non polar molecule
instantaneous dipole makes electrophile
carbocation
a carbon in a molecule with a positive charge
polymer stereo-regularity
more regular arrangement, can fit together closer stronger imf
polymer chain flexibility
rigid chain stronger, benzene rings make stronger
F,O,N,Cl
permanent dipoles think foncle
oxidation of alcohols conditions
reflux, excess acidified potassium dichromate
reflux
to continually evaporate and condense
photon
tiny packets of energy, E=hv
quanta
exact amount of energy required to bring about a change in an atom or molecule
excitation: energy levels etc
UV/Visible-energy levels, infra red-vibrational energy, Microwave-Rotational energy, Translational energy- continuous/when other energies relax to nomal
ozone cycle
5 different stages
biradical
when there is 2 unpaired electrons, oxygen, group6/4, molecules can be biradicals
free radical mechanism
LEARN ME
enthalpy profile not best representation of reaction
enthalpy profile doesn't take into account reactions that happen in more than on step
CFC
they are un-reactive so pass unchanged to the stratosphere where heterolytic fission occurs
methane helps ozone as
methanoic bacteria make methane, CH4+Cl->HCl+CH3’
dynamic equilibrium
overall the system is unchanging but individuals within the system can change
indicators
methyl orange-yellow to red adding acid. phenolphalein- red to colorless adding acid
chromium and copper
one 4s electron goes towards 3d
redox reaction
electrons are transferred, oilrig
oxidation states
o always -2 h+1 in metal hydrides -1, metals normally positive, non-metals negative
sulfate(VI)
means sulfur +6 oxygen -2
metals reduce dilute acid
hydrogen gas created metal is oxidised
electronegativity
The ability to attract the bonding electrons in covalent bond
first ionising enthalpy
energy needed to remove 1 electron from each atom in 1 mole of gaseous atoms to form 1 mol of gaseous 1+ ions
3 factors of ionisation enthalpies
atomic radius, nuclear charge, electron shielding.
group 7 trends
B.P decreases down group, less reactive down group, electronegativity decreases down group
Cl,Br,I color in water
Cl=colorless, Br=yellow/orange, I=Brown
Cl,Br,I color in hexane
Cl=Colorless, Br=orange/red, I=pink/violet
silver nitrate test colors
F=no precipitate, Cl=white prec, Br=Cream prec, I=Yellow prec
Halogenoalkanes
alkanes with at least 1 halogen atom in place of a hydrogen atom.
halogenoalkanes BP
B.P increases down group
halogenoalkanes + hydroxxide ions
nucleophilic substitution, also with water
Halogenoalkanes + ammonia
forms amines, nucleophilic substitution.
Reactivity of halogenoalkanes
iodoalkanes most reactive.
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