S & F Chapter 3 Cells And Tissues

Front 1

a solution containing a higher level of salt (NaCl) than is found in a living red blood cell (above 0.9% NaCl)

Back 1

Hypertonic

Front 2

mechanisms of movement across the membrane may be passive, requiring no energy from the cell (diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, filtration)

Back 2

Passive Transport

Front 3

Kinetic Energy; electrons in the molecules. No cells are required for these mechanisms to occur.

Back 3

Source of Energy for Passive Transport

Front 4

Process by which substances scatter themselves evenly throughout an available space. Moves from area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration to reach equilibrium.

Back 4

Diffusion

Front 5

Substances that diffuse in the human body:

Back 5

Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Water

Front 6

Substance that moves by osmosis

Back 6

Water

Front 7

What pressure results from osmosis?

Back 7

Osmotic Pressure

Front 8

Filtration: Molecules can be forced through membranes by the process of this filtration.

Back 8

Hydrostatic Pressure

Front 9

In the body this is a type of pressure causing filtration.

Back 9

Blood Pressure

Front 10

Where does blood pressure filtration occur?

Back 10

Starts at the heart, travels through the blood vessels

Front 11

A solution with the same osmotic pressure as body fluids.

Back 11

Isotonic

Front 12

Higher osmotic pressure than body fluids.

Back 12

Hypertonic

Front 13

Lower osmotic pressure than body fluids.

Back 13

Hypotonic

Front 14

Moves from area of lower concentration to area of higher concentration. Requires ion proteins (pumps). Also requires energy in the form of ATP.

Back 14

Active Transport

Front 15

Why would the body want to spend energy to acquire or get rid of something?

Back 15

Remove Toxins

Front 16

Molecules that are too large to be transported by other means are engulfed by an invagination of the cell membrane and carried into the cell surrounded be a vesicle.

Back 16

Endocytosis

Front 17

Reverse of endocytosis.

Back 17

Exocytosis

Front 18

Form in which cells engulf liquids.

Back 18

Pinocytosis

Front 19

Form in which the cell takes in larger particles, such as a white blood cell engulfing a bacterium.

Back 19

Phagocytosis

Front 20

Use protein pumps to actively transport substances in and out of the cell.

Back 20

Ion Pumps

Front 21

Four main types of tissues:

Back 21

1. Connective: cartilage, bone, blood
2. Muscle (3 types): skeletal (voluntary), cardiac, and smooth
3. Epithelial: skin, visceral (surrounding organs)
4. Nervous

Front 22

Widespread throughout the body, covers organs and lines body surfaces. Made up of tightly packed cells containing little intercellular material, generally lack blood vessels and are replaced frequently. They tend to have prominent nuclei when viewed under the microscope.

Back 22

Epithelial Tissue

Front 23

Hardened fibrous material that produces hair, skin and nails (nails are accessory organs)

Back 23

Keratinized

Front 24

Cube shaped cell. Simple: this type functions in secretion of tubular structures, such as the tubules in kidneys and walls of endocrine and exocrine glands.

Back 24

Cuboidal

Front 25

Column-like cell, taller than the base is wide. The goblet cell, which secretes mucosa, is a specialized cell found within. Simple: found in mouth, stomach and intestines.

Back 25

Columnar

Front 26

Increases surface area of intestinal cells. Aids in absorption of digested nutrients. Found in urinary bladder.

Back 26

Microvilli

Front 27

Irregular, flat and scale-like epithelium. Simple: Best suited for lung lining and blood vessels in gas exchange for nutrients or waste. Stratified: Protection of skin, mouth, esophagus.

Back 27

Squamous

Front 28

These cells appear layered but really are not because they are of all different heights but attached to basement membrane. Found in the trachea

Back 28

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

Front 29

Means "to contain cilia on the surface"

Back 29

Ciliated

Front 30

Cannot classify this type as to shape because it's always changing/in transition. It's found in the bladder and regulates different volumes

Back 30

Transitional epithelium

Front 31

Bind, support, protect, serve as frameworks, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells, protect against infection, repair tissue damage. Unlike connective tissue they have an abundant matrix throughout and have good blood supply (except cartilage)

Back 31

Connective Tissue

Front 32

Intercellular material.

Back 32

Matrix

Front 33

collagenous, reticular and elastic fibers. They provide varying levels of strength.

Back 33

Connective tissue composition

Front 34

1. Plasma: creates antibodies
2. Fibroblasts: secrete fibers for extra cellular matrix (glue of the body)
3. Adiposites: protects, insulates, stores triglycerides.
4. Mast Cells: help in immune function, inflammatory response, phagytosis

Back 34

4 Connective Tissue Cell Types

Front 35

Forms subcutaneous layer along with adipose tissue. Arranged loosely. Main cells found are fibroblasts.

Back 35

Loose fibrous connective tissue (areolar)

Front 36

Specialized loose connective tissue designed to store triglycerides. Located in the omentum, surrounds the kidneys and heart, subcutaneous layer.

Back 36

Adipose tissue

Front 37

Very strong because of the arrangement of collagenous fibers. Close arrangement and overlap make this a tough tissue. Found all over the body, commonly in tendons and ligaments.

Back 37

Dense fibrous connective tissue

Front 38

Rigid connective tissue that provides a supportive framework for various structures. It lacks a vascular system making healing process slow. Made of collagen fibers.

Back 38

Cartilage

Front 39

Cartilage cells

Back 39

Chondrocytes

Front 40

Osteons or Haversian Canal Systems

Back 40

Bone Matrix Composition

Front 41

Bone cells

Back 41

Osteocytes

Front 42

Build new bone cells

Back 42

Osteoblasts

Front 43

Break down bone cells

Back 43

Osteoclasts

Front 44

Why is bone tissue "pretty"?

Back 44

Cells are arranged in concentric circles.

Front 45

Red/White blood cells and a liquid plasma

Back 45

Blood compostion