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120 Cards in this Set
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Nutrition Lecture
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Lecture 1
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How do you assess nutrition of the herd? 3 steps...
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1. Assess the herds performance and health
- Look at concerning animals first (lactating cows) - Then look at others 2. Assess the rations - Define the feeding system 3. Ensure the 2 are balanced |
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What are the nutritional requirements for:
- Maintenance - Pregnant, non-lactating cow - Lactating cow |
Maintenance = 1.2% of BW or 7.2kg of DM/day for 600kg cow
Pregnant = 2% of BW or 12kg Lactating = 2.5% BW + 10% of milk yield |
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How much milk will 1kg of concentrate produce?
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2L
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What is milk prodn. influenced by?
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Milk production is influenced by DMI. DMI is influenced by digestibility.
If something takes a long time to digest, DMI is limited and milk prodn will decrease |
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What is potential DMI?
What is production DMI? How do you calculate them? |
Potential DMI
- Predicted max that a cow can take in (based on genetics) - 3-4% of BW - BW in kg x 0.035 = kg/DM/day Production DMI - Predicted DMI based on amount of milk being produced - 2.5% + 10% of milk yield - BW x 0.025 + x L/hd/day x 0.1 = kg/DM/day |
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How does a high energy diet influence the milk?
How does fat influence the milk? |
High energy diets increase:
- lactose prodn. - milk vol - milk protein Milk fat depends on fibre (NFC) - When fibre drops, so does milk fat - When fibre increases, milk fat increases |
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What is the ideal milk protein:fat ratio?
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0.8-0.9
> 0.95 = SARA <0.75 = low energy or low protein... risk of ketosis |
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What are some nutritional indicators?
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- Milk prodn. (energy, fibre, protein)
- Milk components (energy, fibre) - BCS - Rumen fill - Manure - Cows behaviour - Pasture residuals |
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What kind of questions should you be asking when investigating herd nutrition?
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- How much feed do they have?
- Do they have access to it? - Are group sizes appropriate? - Is there any evidence of overcrowding, low or high BCS etc. - How much time do they have to access the feed? - What is being fed? |
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What are some signs of subclinical acidosis?
How does their behaviour and demeanour change? Eyes? Mouth? Hair and coat? |
- Picky eaters
- Nibble abnormally - They actively look for high fibre (along fence lines, chew close to ground) - They prefer bland fibre - not silage - Don't like new feed - Eat abnormal things - Play with food, don't swallow Behaviour and demeanour - Depressed, look sad - Dull, lethargic, slow, sleepy - Lack of awareness, loss of protective instinct - Head down or resting - Badly behaved at milking - Hyperactive, irritable, irrational, unpredictable - Can be aggressive Eyes - Dull and sunken - Fat lower lids (suborbital fat changes) - Can't keep eyes open - Look half asleep - Blink a lot more - May appear blind - Star gazing - Eyes might be bulging Mouth - Not swallowing - Drooling - Frothing - No cud chewing - Teeth grinding, mouth clamped shut - Lizard tongue flicking - Odd vocalisation Hair and Coat - No longer shiny - Hair stands up, especially over shoulders and along back (sign of too rapid loss of condition) - Furry appearance - Unkempt (decreased grooming) - May be excessive feacal contam of rear (or even scouring) - Brown colour on body along ribs - failure to lose winter coat |
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What happens to fibre digestibility when you feed too much grain?
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As you feed more grain, the rumen pH drops and fibre digestion is inhibited. Also, when cows eat fibre, they do 'cud chewing' which leads to more saliva being produced. Saliva is a buffer which keeps the rumen more alkaline.
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When does proprionic acid dominate?
When do butyric acid and acetic acid dominate? |
Proprionic = grain
Butyric and acetic = fibre |
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What are factors that influence rumination?
What do these factors influence? |
- Order which ration is fed in (try to feed hay first - promotes salivation)
- Particle size (influences bolus formations, chewing, saliva production, buffering) - Number of times they are fed a day (feeding more frequently increases saliva prodn and assists pH) - Type of ration (roughage vs. concentrate) These influence - Saliva prodn - Rumen pH - Rumen function Acid in rumen damages papillae and reduces absorption of VFAs |
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What are some ways we can monitor nutrition health?
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- BUN (gives info re protein)
- NEFA (energy balance) - Ketones (energy balance) - Rumen pH - No. of lame cows (SARA) - Disease incidences Suspect problems when: >2% down cows at calving >8% retained foetal membranes >3%d displaced abomasum Uterine infections |
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What does high cation diet lead to?
What does high anion diet lead to? How do you reduce milk fever? What is involved with DCAD (what ions)? |
More cations = high pH (basic)
More anion = low pH (acidic) Feeding a diet high in anions in late pregnancy may reduce incidence of milk fever and other periparturient diseases Ions - Na - K - Cl - S |
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What are some key points to assessing yearlings?
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- Weigh at 12mo
- Weigh and measure height at joining period - Weight pre-calving - Take note of age a calving - Record milk prodn. in first lactation (should be more than 85% that of mature cows) - Record % that died or were culled from 12mo - calving - Record % culled during 1st lactation and why |
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What type of feeding systems exist?
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Pasture + other forage + low grain
Pasture + other forage + mod-high grain Pasture + PMR + Grain - Pasture grazed most of yr and PMR + grain fed at other times Hybrid system - Pasture grazed for less than 9mo and PMR feed + grain in other mo TMR system - No grazing - Cows housed and fed TMR |
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What type of things do you need to assess when looking at the feed?
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- Quality
- Quantity - Effective fibre - Wastage Measure the pasture (pre and post grazing) |
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What is NDF?
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- It is a representation of total fibre in a ration
- NDF is limited to 1.1% of BW - It is the best measurement of how much fibre they are getting in their diet Straw has really good NDF, young grass has less Note: - A high NDF will limit energy (low NDF = SARA) |
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What do you need to assess when it comes to silage?
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Colour
- Bright green-yellow or green-brown is ideal Smell - Sweet lactic acid odour is ideal Texture - Should be firm with softer material - not too much moisture pH - Should be slightly acidic (around 4 is ideal) |
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Discuss protein in cows.
How do we measure protein? Discuss what happens in the rumen. What happens to excess ammonia? How is DIP broken down and UIP? What are the protein requirements? |
Protein requirements = crude protein (% of DM)
Non-protein nitrogen (NPN) compounds = urea Rumen degradable protein (RDP) and NPN are broken down in the rumen to form amino acids and ammonia Too much ammonia is absorbed into blood and recycled or excreted in urine Degradable intake protein (DIP) is broken down by rumen microbes. Undegradable intake protein (UIP) is not. Diets for high producing dairy cows should contain 19% CP, with 38% of that being UIP and 62% being DIP |
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What trace minerals should you also consider?
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Fe
Cu Mn Zn I Co Se |
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Exotic or Emergency Diseases
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Lecture 2
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What are the exotic diseases that are most likely to occur in Australia?
What are their presenting signs? |
- Vesicular diseases (espec FMD)
- Sheep and goat pox - Bluetongue - Screworm fly - Scrapie - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - Classic and African swine fever - Pseudorabies (Aujeszky's disease) - Rabies - Rinderpest |
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What are common causes of mucosal lesions WITHOUT DIARRHOEA in cattle and sheep?
What are common causes of mucosal lesions WITH diarrhoea in cattle and sheep? |
Most common:
- Vesicles - Ulcers/necrotic/erosive lesions - Papules/nodules Less common: - FMD - Vesicular stomatitis Least common: - Pseudocowpox - Stomatitis undifferentiated - Bovine ulcerative mammilitis - Cowpox - Necrotic stomatitis - Actinobacillus oral - Arsenic poisoning - Chronic mercury poisoning - IBR - Bluetongue - Papular stomatitis With diarrhoea - IBR - Concurrent infections - BVDV - Bovine malignant catarrhal - Rinderpest |
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What are the common causes of wasting in sheep?
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...
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Why don't we see exotic diseases in Australia?
What does a disease need to survive in Aus? |
No cattle allowed in
Sheep and goats only from NZ Needs to: - Persist in enviro - Be transmitted in meat, semen or embryos - Have a long incubation period - Be airborn/vector transmitted - Be transmitted from other species |
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What are some diseases transmitted by semen?
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- Caprine, ovine and bovine brucellosis
- Maedi-visna and caprine arthritis/encephalitis - Tuberculosis - Bluetongue - DMF - BVDV - Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis-infectious pustular vulvovaginitis |
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Discuss screw wrom myiasis
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- Larvae family of Calliphoridae (old world and new world)
- Affects all worm blooded creatures (except birds rarely) - Occurs in open wounds - Female lays eggs in wound, and larvae feeds on living tissue Clinical signs - Larvae visible 3 days after infection - Bloody discharge - Foul smelling odour - Depressed - Off feed Treatment - Separate and attempt to control discomfort Morbidity/mortality - Morbidity varies - Mortality varies with treatment (left untreated, almost always leads to death... if treated, death is rare) - Death often a result of secondary infections - Smaller animals are more at risk - No Tx = spread to other animals Sampling - Don't send samples without contacting emergency hotline - Only send samples under secure conditions (prevent spread) Infection point for Aus - Papua new guinea (via birds) |
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Discuss sheep pox
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- Virus involved = capripoxvirus (host specific)
- Spread via direct contact and flies - Younger animals more severely affected Clinical signs - Fever - Salivation - Nasal-ocular discharge Mortality = 50% Found in Africa, central Asia and India DDx - Contagious pustular dermatitis (orf) - Bluetongue - Mycotic dermatitis - Sheep scab - Mange - Photosensitisation |
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Discuss Bluetongue
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- Orbivirus
- Affects all ruminants - Transmitted via clucoides species (midges) - Many different strains and varied degrees of severity - Cause epithelial damage Clinical signs - Fever - Excess salivation - Swelling of face, lips and tongue - Nasal discharge - Stertorous resp - Coronitis and knee walking - Very few have a 'bluetongue' Mortality = variable Necropsy findings - Oedema - Petechia - LN and spleen enlarged DDx - FMD - Photosensitisation - IBR (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, also caused by herpes) - Orf (scabby mouth, parapox virus) - Foot rot - Pneumonia - Vesicular stomatitis - Malignant catarrhal fever (herpes virus, sheep = reservoir) - BVDV (pestivirus) - Parainfluenza - Sheep pox |
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Discuss haemorrhagic septicaemia
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- It is an acute pasteurellosis (pasteurella multocida is bacteria involved)
- Animal is stressed, they have direct contact with sick animal or carrier animal or wild ruminant or contaminated feed) Clinical signs - Highly fatal epidemics - Pyrexia - Depression - Reluctant to move - Swelling of throat - Congested MM - Resp distress/collapse - Diarrhoea in calves Pathology - Generalised petechia - Oedema of glottis and peritracheal tissues - Pulmonary oedema - Supepidcaridal haemorrhage - Variable GIT congestion DDx - Antrhax - Bracken poisoning - Blackleg - Enterotoxaemia - Pneumonia - Arsenic poisoning - Acute lepto - Rinderpest |
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Discuss Jaagsiekte (ovine pulmonary adenomatosis)
Adenomatosis = glandular growths |
- This is a slowly progressive neoplastic lung disease
- Caused by lentivirus - Common in UK and S. Africa - Disease is spread by inhalation - Most common in intensive house sheep - Incubation period is long (9mo - 3yrs) Clinical signs - Emaciation - Dyspnea - Fluid from lungs Necropsy findings - Enlarged lungs - Exudate - Lesions in lungs - Bronchial LN involvement - Neoplastic DDx - Maedi-visna - Lungworm - Bacteria pneumonia |
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Discuss chronic progressive pneumonia (maedi visna)
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- Caused by lentivirus
- Transmitted via direct contact - Long incubation period Clinical signs - Often asymptomatic - Wasting - Dyspnea - Dry cough Necropsy findings - Enlarged lungs - Diffuse lesions in lung - May coexist with pulmonary adenomatosis DDx - Pulmonary adenomatosis - Parasitic pneumonias - Caseous lymphadenitis w pulmonary involvement - Chronic bacterial pneumonia |
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Discuss bovine encephalopathy
BSE = MAD COW DISEASE |
- Very resistant (survives in tissues PM, resistant to heat, sterilisation etc)
- Caused by a prion - Long incubation period (yrs) - No immune response - Vertical transmission (between mamma and bub) Clinical signs - Behavioural disturbances - Easily startled - Decrease milk prodn. - Aggressive - Hyperaesthetic - Gait abnormalities - Ataxia and paresis - Muscle fasiculations and tremors Mortality = 100% Morbidity = 2-3% DDx - Nervous ketosis - Listeria - Rabies - Brain tumour - HypoMg - Lead poisoning 95% of all cases in the UK |
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Discuss variant creutzfeldt jakob disease
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Similar to CJD except
- Occurs in younger people - Short incubation period - Short duration of illness (rapid deterioration) - Early symptoms: severe depression, memory loss and other neuro signs Epi curve did not fit with BSE outbreak Human transmission - Possible consumption of brain and spinal cord - Transmission from surgical instruments used on tonsils, appendix or brain - Growth hormone injections - Vaccines - Pharmaceutical compounds VERY COSTLY DISEASE |
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Discuss Scrapie
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- Caused by TSE (transmissible spongiform encephalomyelitis...related to BSE) in sheep
- Caused by a prion aswell Clinical signs - Stand apart from flock - Trail or lead when the flock is driven - Hyperexcitable - Unusual gait (hopping) - Ataxia - Fixed stare with head held high - Blindness - Trembling or convulsions - Intense pruritis Note: scratching them causes a characteristic nibbling response due to the intense pruritis |
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Discuss Visna
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- Has an insidious onset
- Hindlimb weakness - Trembling of lips or head tilt - Ataxia - Muscle tremors, paresis, paraplegia - Unattended animals usually die of inanition |
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Discuss Rabies
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- Transmitted by saliva (dogs and bats)
- Incubation period varies (from days to mos) Clinical signs - Progressive paralysis - Dysphagia and profuse salivation - Facial paralysis, lower jaw droops - Affected cattle separate from herd (depress, stop ruminating, become ataxic, incoordinated etc.) |
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Emergency Diseases
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Lecture 3
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Understand the role of vets in livestock emergency response and disease eradication
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Vet has a role to play when it comes to:
- Surveillance - Public awareness - Vaccination - Movement control |
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Ocular Disorders of Cattle
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Lecture 4
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What are the types of abnormalities that suggest there is disease going on in the eye?
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Within the sclera
- Injection (inflammation) - Icterus (liver disease) - Haemorrhage (clotting disorders, trauma) Colour (pale = anaemia) Position of eye - Dehydration (sunken) - CN deficiency Hypopyon (pus in eye) - Sepsis Skin - Photosensitisation |
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What are some uncommon ocular disorders?
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Dermoids
- Tissue within the eye that has hair growing off it. - A congenital anomaly - May be hereditary Acanthomas - Skin neoplasm - Located in the prickle cell layer Retrobulbar lymphosarcoma - Caused by a virus (bovine leucosis virus) - It is a retrovirus - Transmission is via blood (biting flies, dehorning, castrating) - Also vertical transmission via colostrum (in the leucocytes) Listerial keratoconjunctivitis and uveitis (Silage Eye) - Caused by listeria monocytogenes - A zoonotic disease - Associated with silage - Diagnosed based on clinical signs - Treat with systemic antibiotics and anti-inflamms - Prevent by avoiding eye contact with silage |
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What are some common and important ocular disorders?
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SCC
Pink eye |
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Discuss SCC
Risk factors Prevention Sites of predilection Stages of cancer Diagnosis Treatment Welfare and sale |
- Most common malignant tumour affect cattle
- Commonly leads to condemnation of carcass Risk factors - Breed - Lack of pigment around eyes - UV light - Age - Conformation (protruding eyeballs) - Nutrition - Advancing pregnancy - Papilloma/herpes virus Prevention - Breeding (cull affected, select for pigment around eyes) Sites of predilection - Lateral conjunctiva and corneolimbal junction - Lower lid - Third eyelid (nicitating membrane) - Medial canthus Stages of cancer - Plaque originally --> keratoma/keratocanthoma --> papilloma --> carcinoma --> metastases Diagnosis - Based on clinical appearance - Cytology, histology Treatment - Cull - Surgical excision (make sure you check both eyes) - Cryotherapy (small lesions) --> freeze it off - Hyperthermia (small lesions) --> burn it off - Immunotherapy/chemo (unavailable) - Radiation (unavailable) - Enucleation Welfare and sale - Cannot allow it to develop (poor animal welfare) - Can only sell for slaughter if the lesion is less than the size of 20c coin and not bleeding or discharging - Any metastasise, and it is condemned |
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Discuss Pink Eye (infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis)
What's bad about it? The organism Epidemiology Risk factors Clinical signs Prevention Vaccination Management Treatment |
What's bad about it?
- Welfare compromises - Financial losses (loose their vision, reduced weight gain, decrease milk prodn., treatment costs, market discounts for corneal scarring) The organism - Moraxella bovis - 7 serogroups - Pilli antigens to attach to cornea - Cytotoxin damages cornea Epidemiology - Reservoir of infection in subclinical cows (M. bovis or cornea and in nasal secretions) Risk factors - Infecting organism - Age (calves more affected) - UV light - Flies - Concurrent pathogens (e.g. IBR) - Mechanical trauma (grass seeds, long dry grass, wind, dust) - Breed (herefords more affected) Clinical signs - 1 or both eyes affected - Conjunctivitis, tearing, blepharospasm and photophobia = early on - Ocular discharge (becomes purulent) - Central corneal opacity and ulceration --> oedema - Peripheral vascularisation if chronic and abscesses - Might recover spontaneously - Residual scarring common - Perforation of cornea happens occassionally (results in iris prolapse and pthisis bulbi which is a shrunken non-functional eye) Prevention - Fly control!!! - Reduce them from breeding by scraping out under feed troughs, picking up feed and compost piles, spray larvicide in breeding areas, spray gass out of wet areas to facilitate drying, surface sprays (adulticides) in fly areas - Animal control products (OP, fly adulticides) Vaccination - Contains 3 M. bovis isolates - Should be good against around 70% of M. bovis in Aus - Potential disease could be observed if other M. bovis species Management - Reduce stocking density - Minimise congregation (bringing together) young stock - Select paddocks to minimise dust and risk of eye injuries Treatment - Spontaneous resolution possible - Corneal perforation in small % of animals - Systemic antimicrobial (oxytetracycline, ceftiofur etc.) - Topical antimicrobials (cloxacillin ointment) - Eye patches (relieve pain from photophobie and reduce transmission) - Topical steroids controversial (eye appears more comfortable, but increased risk of perforation) |
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Breeding soundness (evaluating repro problems in males)
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Lecture 5 and 6
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What are the reasons for a breeding soundness evaluation?
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- Commercial produced (pre join screening and advice on management)
- Stud producers (want to advise buyers as to what they're getting) - Bull buyers (similar to stud producers) - Insurance claims - Breed society/shows |
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What are the steps involved with a breeding soundness evaluation?
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1. Scrotal circumference and contents eval
2. General PE and exam of repro tract 3. Serving ability 4. Crush side semen evaluation 5. Sperm morphology |
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What do the terms fertile, subfertile and infertile mean when it comes to bulls?
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Fertile = bulls that can impregnate 60% and 90% of 50 normal, cycling cows in 3 and 9 weeks
Sub fertile = bulls that can achieve pregnancies but not at the above rates (or can only be used for AI) Infertile = cannot achieve pregnancies |
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What is bull power?
*** don't understand |
Bull power is how many bulls you can put out in the paddock
Beef - 1 bull can service about 40 cows - 2.5% of the herd should be bulls - If you don't have enough bulls, risk of breakdown (low conception rates) - If you have more than 3.5%, increased risk of fighting and injuries Dairies - Slightly higher in dairies because they have lower fertility rates anyway and bulls are rotating around more frequently - In seasonal systems, 3% of them are AI (use AI then clean up with natural mating), 4% are synchrony and 6% are natural... - In year round systems, 2% are required |
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What are the limitations of the bull soundness exam?
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- It's not a guarantee
- It's a snapshot of what is happening on a particular day - It only indicates the risk of reduced fertility - It is only applicable to the time of mating - Not all components can be examined - There is no testing of diseases |
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Discuss scrotal measurement
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- Sperm production is related to amount of testicular tissue
- Testicular tissue is fairly consistent as far as densities go - Testicular shape is usually pretty consistent - Circumference is directly proportional to the amount of sperm that can potentially be produced - When you are measuring, make sure you are safe, that you position the testes correctly (circumference around widest aspect) and that you apply good tension - Average = 30-32 |
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What are the contents of the scrotum? What should you look for?
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Skin
- Look for any inflamm or thickening Scrotal neck - Look for excessive fat or vein dilation Shape and position - Normal?? Abnormal? Testicles - What is the tone like? Score 1-5 - L is usually smaller - Look for degeneration, orchitis, hernias, haematomas, cryptorchids etc. Epididymis - Look for epididymitis, granulomas etc. |
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Discuss the examination of the penis.
What are some common conditions to look out for? |
- Ensure you both visually examine and palpate through the sheath
- Look for persistent frenulum, short retractor penis muscle, any trauma, warts, balanitis (inflamm of the glans penis)/posthitis (inflamm of foreskin)/bala noposthitis (inflamm of both head and foreskin) - Give the sheath a score b/w 1 and 5 - Look at the secondary sex glands Common conditions to look out for - Haematoma - Vascular shunts - Premature spiral deviation - Ventral deviation |
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What should you look for on the general PE?
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Particularly look at stuff that will affect breedings
- Legs - Joints - Feet - Gait - Head (+/- dentition) BCS |
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Discuss the serving ability assessment
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- Can they mount?
- Can they achieve intromission (putting something into something else) with an ejaculatory thrust - What's their libido like? - Consider the safety of animals - aggressive? |
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Discuss the crush side semen evaluation
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- Multiple techniques to do this (EJ most common)
- Make sure it's clean - Be aware of temp (35-37 degrees.) - Do not use rubber syringes (will kill sperm) Assess - Colour - Vol - Density - Concentration - Mass activity Also assess progressive motility - 30 and 60% thresholds |
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Discuss the morphology evaluation
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- Samples are submitted in buffered formal saline
- Use phase contrast microscopy as a minimum requirement - Make sure you handle semen correctly - 50% for subfertile and 70% for fertile thresholds |
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What is the most common defect of sperm?
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Kinked tails
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What condition should rams be in when joining?
How big should their testes be? How young should they be? |
Condition = 3-4
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Discuss the breeding soundness exam in rams
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- 10-15% of the ram flock are duds
PE - Performed annually - Look at general health and condition - Look at lameness and ability to mount - Look at the prepuce and penis Testes - Measure the size at 12mo - Should be even size and shape - Watch out for damage from fences - Infections include epididymitis, brucellosis, cheesy gland |
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Discuss semen evaluation in sheep
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- Semen collection is usually done by electro-ejaculation
- Collection with artificial vagina requires ram training - Complete a subjective eval (vol, colour, consistency) - Then evaluate under a microscope - Look at: - Sperm concentration - Motility - Morphology Normal ram characteristics - 2.5-5 x10^9 sperm/mL > 85% motility <15% abnormal morphology |
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Discuss the serving capacity test in sheep
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8% of rams are gay
Test them by exposing them to ewes in oestrus (use marking harness) |
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What is the effect of ram age on repro performance?
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Ram lambs
- Testes develop rapidly from 3-4 mo - Sperm production starts at 6mo - Meat breeds reach puberty earlier than wool breeds 1 yr - Ejaculate is high in concentration, but not as high as 2yr Older rams - More experienced at mating - Dominate younger rams - Peak performance = 3-4yrs - Fertility and libido decline at 6yrs (need to turn over 25-30% of ram flock each year) |
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Discuss ram BCS (what is ideal??)
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1-2
- Too skinny 3-4 - Just right - Should mate these guys every day 5 - Too fat - Lazy |
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What should you consider when assessing ram repro performance?
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- Length of spermatogenic cycle (treatments to improve sperm prodn should start at least this much in advance of mating)
- Seasonality (some breeds perform poorly out of season) - What are the effects of heat stress on rams? |
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What is the average scrotal size in rams?
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Same as cows (30-36)
This is a heritable trait |
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Integrated Parasite Management
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Lecture 7
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What are the main protozoa parasites in cattle?
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Blood parasites
- Tick fever, blood rickettsia (anaplasma marginale) - Tick fever, blood protozoa (babesia bovis and bigemina) Intesintal protozoa - Black scours, coccidial parasites (eimeria species) |
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What are the main roundworms in cattle?
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- Small brown stomach worm (Ostertagia ostertagi)
- Barbers pole worm (haemonchus contortus) - SI worm (Cooperia species) - Hookworm (Bunostomum phlebotomum) - Nodular worm (oesophagostomum radiatum) - Stomach hair worm (trichostrongylus species... particularly axei and colubriformis) |
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What's the main lungworm in cattle?
What's the main tapeworm in cattle? What's the main liver fluke and stomach fluke called? |
Lung worms
- Dictyocaulus viviparus Tapeworm - Monieza benedeni Liver fluke (early immature, immature and adult) = fasciola hepatica Large fluke = fasciola gigantica Stomach fluke = paramphistomum species |
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What are the main ectoparasites in cattle?
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Lice
- Biting louse (bovicola bovis) - Short nosed sucking louse (haematopinus eurysternus) - Long nosed sucking louse (linognathus vituli) Mange - Sarcoptes scabiei - Chorioptes bovis Flies - Buffalo fly (haematobia irritans exigua) Bots - Cattle bot (hypoderma bovis) Ticks - Australian cattle tick (boophilus microplus) - Bush tick (haemphysalis longicornis) - Paralysis tick (ixodes holocyclus) |
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What are the main protozoa in sheep and goats?
What are the main roundworms? What is the lungworm? What is the tapeworm? Liver fluke and stomach fluke? |
Protozoa same as cows (change bovis to ovis when necessary)
Roundworms - Small brown stomach worm (teladorsagia circumcincta) - Barbers pole worm - Large stomach worm (haemonchus placei) - SI worm - Hookworm - Nodular worm (oesophagostomum venulosum) - Large bowel worm (oesophagostomum columbianum) - Stomach hair worm - Large mouthed bowel worm (chabertia ovina) Lung worm = Dictyocaulus filaria, prostrongylus and muellerius) Tapeworm = monieza expansa Liver fluke and stomach fluke = same as cow |
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What are the ectoparasites of sheep?
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Lice
- Biting louse (bovicola ovis and damalimia ovis) - Sucking louse (linognathus ovillus and melophagus ovis) Mange - Psoroptes ovis - Itch mite (psoregrates ovis) Flies - Blowfly strike (lucilia cuprina and chrysomya rufifacies) Bots - Nasal bot (oestrus ovis) Ticks - Same as cows |
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Why is parasite management important?
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- Economically significant
- Resistance - More natural farming going on - Need alternative control methods |
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What is involved with IPM?
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- Look at whole farm as a whole
- Change parts of the system to decrease internal parasites - This will decrease cost, improve herd health and prolong the day when drugs don't work anymore Involved is: - Nutrition - Pasture - Immunity - Soil organisms - Strategic de-worming |
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Discuss nutrition in IPM
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Nutrition
- Give better nutrition so animals are more resistant - Use of bypass proteins - Also make sure they have high P levels (increases weight gain of lambs by 40%) |
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Discuss pasture in IPM
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Pasture management
- Majority of parasite LC is off the animal - Don't allow grazing of really short pastures - Rest pastures, allow grasses to grow higher (3 leaf stage... also recommended nutritionally) - Allows earthworms and dung beetls to develop and destroy parasite eggs - Give enough room to graze so they don't graze near poo piles and become infected again - Be aware of periparturient rise contamination (treat animals during this period to avoid infection of newborns) - Keep pastures graze free for up to 12mo - Share pastures with cattle or horses (not goats and sheep - same parasites) - Rotate pastures with crops - Remember, cold dry climates will reduce parasites on pasture - Ensure you keep troughs and water sources clean - Have dedicated calving and lambing areas - Newly introduced animals should be de-wormed and quarantined |
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Discuss immunity in IPM
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Immunity
- Never aim to completely remove... they stimulate the immune system - Adult cattle rarely need to be dewormed - Immunity is an aid but not a treatment - can't get rid of infection, but can limit eggs - Different story with fluke... want to get rid of that because liver damage is irreversible - Breed for good immunity - Remember, parasite load depends on larval challenge, stocking density, time of year, repro status and nutritional plain of animal - Cull animals that are not resistant - Also remember, cattle > sheep > goats |
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Discuss soil organisms in IPM
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- Earthworms ingest parasite eggs and larvae
- Dung beetles disperse of manure and therefore prevents eggs from developing - Nematophagous fungi - Can also use poultry and mechanical dragging of soils to get rid of poo |
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What is the effect of ivermectin on dung beetles?
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- Kills dung beetle larvae up to 45days
- Manure from ivermectin treated animals takes longer to breakdown - HOWEVER the effect of ivermectin on parasites outweighs the effect of dung beetles on parasites - Pour on has less detrimental effects |
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Discuss the role of strategic deworming
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- Rotate the major classes of BZD, LEV and MLs
- Do FEC regularly to monitor - De-worm, allow parasites to shed for 12-24hrs, then move to clean pasture - Rotate pastures - Divide farm in 2 - sheep and cattle... switch every 6mo |
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Drivers of Calving pattern/female repro disorders
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Lecture 8
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What are the common repro disorders?
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- Hydrops (uterine dropsy)
- Uterine prolapse - Vaginal prolapse - Uterine involution - Retained foetal membranes - Metritis - Endometritis - Pyometra - Cystic ovaries |
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When does seasonal calving happen?
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Peaks in Sep and continues through oct, nov, dec and a bit of jan
... You don't want too many in Jan cause the heifers will not be read to calf and it will throw your whole system out... you want them to peak in sept and then go down. Not peak throughout sep-oct-nov |
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What is a split/batch calving pattern?
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Calve in Jan - March and then in July - Sep
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What are the pros and cons of seasonal and year round calving?
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Seasonal
- More Ls per cow per lactation - Less repro culls - More AI replacement heifers (all getting the best nutrition etc.) - Better performance of first calf heifers Year round - More of cow lifetime in early lactation rather than late - Less repro culls - Possibly reduced semen costs (not everyone trying to get it at one time) - More calvings per year |
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What is the difference b/w seasonal and yearly calving?
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Seasonal = less milk per day average
Yearly = more milk per day average |
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What is the voluntary waiting period?
What is the submission rate |
VWP
- When a cow is ready to be mated but you choose not to for whatever reason - VWPs max of 50 days - don't want it to be over this Submission rate - % of cows inseminated at least once x days after calving |
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What are some important factors when it comes to getting in calf?
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Nutrition
- BCS - DMI - Heifer liveweight Cow factors - Endometritis risk factors (any cow that doesn't have a normal pregnancy/parturition) - Semen quality - Age Enviro - Heat stress Repro diseases - Lepto - Vibrio Mineral deficiencies - Co/vit B12 - Cu - Se - Zn - I - Mn - P |
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Discuss hydrops (uterine dropsy)... oedema of the uterus
Discuss the different types Treatment? |
- A sporadic condition
Different types - Hydrops amnion - a build up of fluid in the amnion (leads to foetal abnormalities that prevent swallowing... slow onset) - Hydrops allantois - a build up of fluid in the allantois (causes abnormal placentation, has a rapid onset and many complications) Treatment = induction!! Or C section with intensive fluid therapy |
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Discuss uterine prolapse
Risk factors? Treatment? |
Risk factors
- Difficult calving - HypoCa - Getting cast after calving (cast is when they are in a position and they can't get back up Do not cull based on this Treatment - Epidural - Clean - Repair (surgically stitch up) - Elevate - Lubricate - Replace - Antimicrobials - Ca - Oxytocin - Hypertonic saline (fluids) |
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Discuss vaginal prolapse
General info Predisposing factors Treatment |
- Observed in older cows before parturition
- Incidence is related to production of relaxin (relaxin is a hormone that relaxes all the pelvis and cervix in preparation to give birth) - Breed predispositions - Can be intermittent or continuous Predisposing factors - Well conditioned (too much fat surrounding the vagina) - Increased intra-abdominal pressure late pregnancy - High roughage intake - Severe cold weather - Poor confirmation - Severe post-partum tenesmus due to vaginal injury - Breed Treatment - Tend to recur - May need to induce the cow - If mild, do a buhner suture - If chronic, johnson button - Cull the cow once she has raised the calf |
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What are some time associated problems in the female repro cycle?
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- Vaginal prolapse
- Parturition (trauma, paralysis, uterine prolapse) - Retained foetal membranes - Metritis - Endometritis - Pyometra |
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Discuss uterine involution
involution - when something turns in on itself (e.g. umbrella) What is it? Normal uterine defence mechanisms? |
- Almost always a septic process rather than aseptic
It is a normal process where the uterus goes from a pregnant state to a non-pregnant state Normal uterine defence mechanisms include - Phagocytosis - Uterus is highly resistant to infection during oestrogenic phase - But very susceptible during periods of progesterone dominance (i.e. pregnancy) |
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Discuss retained foetal membranes
What is it? Treatment? |
- This is when you retain the placenta for more than 24hrs
- Incidence of more than 6% indicates problem with management of transition period Treatment - Oxytocin - Prostaglandin - Physical removal - Most treatment options are not effective - If cow is eating and productive, just ignore - If cow is sick, treat aggressively with systemic and intrauterine antimicrobials and anti-inflamms |
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Discuss metritis
Clinical signs What bugs cause it? Treatment? |
- Occurs 14days post partum
- Incidence = 10-20% Clinical signs - Foul smell - Serosanguinous discharge - Thin uterine wall Usually a mixed infection of - Gram neg anaerobes - Coliforms - Arcanobacterium pyogenes Treatment - Penicillin - Oxytet - Ceftiofur - Intrauterine are more likely to be successful - Therapeutic levels in other layers of uterus and other parts of genital tract might be difficult to reach - NSAIDs - +/- prostaglandin (decreases progesterone inhibition of defence mechanisms by destroying the CL (luteolysis), may stimulate myometrial contractions, oestrogen production will stimulate defence mechanisms) Just remember - metritis is inflammation of the wall of the uterus. Endometritis in inflammation of the inner layer of the wall. |
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Discuss endometritis
Clinical signs Bacteria involved Diagnosis Treatment Consequences on fertility Minimising the effects |
Clinical signs
- Purulent/mucopurulent discharge 14days are birth - It is an infection of the uterus involving the endometrium - Prevalence = 20-40% Bacteria involved = arconabacterium pyogenes Diagnosis can be difficult (speculum, US etc.) and ensure you routinely check the at risk cows!! Treatment - Prostoglandin - Intra-uterine antimicrobial infusion (Cephapirin) Consequences - Prolonged time to first oestrus - Decreased conception rates - Reduced in calf rates - Increases empty rates Minimising the effects - Calve them in a clean environment - Wear gloves and clean cows when assisting - Keep records of all cows that have had assisted calving, retained membranes or discharge after calving - Give all cows with retained membranes 12hrs after calving oxytocin at 12 and 24hrs - Treat sick cows with antibiotics - Check at risk cows 14-21 days after calving |
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Discuss pyometra
What is it? Bacteria involved Treatment |
- Puss filled uterus
- Suspends the oestrus cycle (stops it from happening) - CL is present - Bacteria involved = arconbacterium pyogenes Treatment = prostaglandin **Not as big a deal in cows as it is in dogs and cats |
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Discuss cystic ovaries
What is it associated with Clinical signs Treatment |
- Associated with high milk prodn.
- Leads to a deficient LH surgery at oestrus - Display anoestrus or frequent heat - Treatment = GNRH - Prostaglandin should be given 9-10 days to hasten onset of oestrus |
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Obstetrics 1
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Lecture 9
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Define the following terms:
Obstetrics Midwifery Theriogenology Gynaecology Andrology Dystocia Eutocia |
Obstetrics
- Dealing with all women's repro tracts and their children during pregnancy, childbirth and postnatal period Midwifery - Only deals with low risk women and pregnancy Theriogenology - Includes obstetrics, gynecology and andrology Gynaecology - Dealing with women and their repro tracts Andrology - Study of male repro system Dystocia - difficult birth Eutocia - Normal birth |
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How do you prevent dystocia?
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- Sensible selection of sire and dam (size of calf is determined)
- Good animal husbandry (nutrition, transition cow - fatty conditions reduce room and promote dystocia) - Good health care |
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What are the consequences of dystocia?
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- Effects on welfare of dam and offspring
- Stillbirths - Neonatal morbidity - Increased mortality for mum - Reduced productivity for dam (lactation lowered, less fat and protein in milk) - Reduced subsequent fertility - Increased puerperal disease (metritis etc.) - Increased chance of culling |
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What are some causes of dystocia?
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Related to a defect in one of 3 processes:
- The expulsive forces (insufficient due to exhaustion, hypoCa, inertia to oxytocin) - The adequacy of the birth canal (inadequate size and shape) - The size and disposition of the foetus Look at diagram in PPT. |
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Talk though the causes of dystocia (diagram)
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What is the most common cause of dystocia?
What influence risk of dystocia? |
Most common cause
- Incorrect size match up of mum and foetus - Second most common problem is faulty fetal position Influencing factors - Breed - Age - BW - BCS - Sex of calf (males harder to get out) - Singleton of twins - Breed of sire (higher muscle??) Dairy have more problems than beef Parity - Primiparous more likely to have problems than pluriparous |
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What are some causes of dystocia in sheep and goatS?
What are the most common causes of dystocia? |
- Breed predispositions
- More rare in sheep and goats however - Most of them will be anterior position with head and both forefeet extended - Second most common is anterior, head and 1 foreleg normal, 1 leg retained Sheep - Same as cows |
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How do you prevent dystocia in cows?
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- Always related to good husbandry
- Breed them for better fertility - wider pelvis - Ensure size of calf is appropriate - Decrease BCS so more room |
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What are the 3 Ps of obstetrics?
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Presentation (longitudinal aspect of foetus in relation to birth canal)
- Anterior - Posterior - Ventral transverse, dorsal transverse - Ventral vertical, dorsal vertical Position (orientation of faetal vertebrae in relation to maternal vertebrae) - Dorsal - Ventral - L lateral - R lateral Posture (position of moveable appendages) - Flexion or extension of limbs and neck |
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What are the basic rules of calving a cow?
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1. Assess facilities and decide safest place to work
2. Always assume cow will go down 3. Always use quick release knot to tie her head 4. Wear gloves 5. Lots of lube 6. Use epidural anaesthesia 7. Assess presentation and no. of calves 8. If calf is stuck in hip lock and cow is down, you have 5mins to get it out before nerve damage will start (and risk of dead calf) 9. Don't do a C section on a down cow 10. Don't tell the farmer that the calf is alive until it is out 11. Get the farmer to get the cow in before you arrive |
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Should you do a C-section of pull?
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If you can pass your hand and arm over the fetal parts, then the calf can most likely be delivered per vaginum
Beware double muscled species |
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Obstetrics 2
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Lecture 10
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Discuss foetotomy
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- Mainly used in cattle
- Can't be used in species that give birth to several offspring at a time |
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Label faetotomy equipment
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How do you make it easier for yourself?
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Epidural!! High in lumbosacral area or low in sacrococcygeal area... high or low dose
Clenbuterol (asthma drug??) Lots of lube |
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When as a total embryotomy indicated?
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- Dead calf where hair is falling off
- When calf falls to pieces during traction - When cow is standing on arrival - Breech presentation is easier |
