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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is metaphylaxis in reference to calves & respiratory dz?
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tx of group of high risk cavles for prevention of respiratory dz
pretty much any AB used: chloramphenicol, ceftiofur, fluoroquinolones, penicillin, tetracycline, amoxicillin, tylosin, -mycins single SQ injection in neck provides 3-4 d. protection |
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What are some diseases of the nasal cavity that affect ruminants?
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mycotic nasal granuloma
atopic rhinitis/enzootic nasal granuloma nasal FBs nasal trauma/fx nasal tumors/polyps: rare congenital cystic nasal turbinates Oestrus ovis infestation |
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Oestrus ovis infestation
a. signalment b. signs c. dx d. tx |
a. bots in nasal cavity of sheep & less commonly goats
b. rhinitis, sneezing, snorting, nasal d/c, stridor, head held low, stomping feet, warm months c. endoscopy d. ivermectin (no specific control) |
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sinusitis
a. causes b. signs c. dx d. tx |
a. dehorning (frontal sinus), infected teeth (maxillary sinus), etc.
b. anorexia, lethargy, reluctance to move, fever, head held at odd angle, pain c. PE, percussion, sinus-centesis, rads, culture, cytology d. trephination, parenteral ABs, flunixin |
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pharyngeal trauma
a. causes b. etiologic agents c. dx d. tx |
a. balling guns, dose syringes, grass awns, FBs (nails, wires), etc. --> cellulitis, abscesses
b. A. pyogenes, Actinobacillus, Pasteurella, Fusobacterium necrophorum, Staph, etc. c. palpation, oral cavity exam, endoscopy, rads d. drainage/flushing, systemic ABs, flunixin, supportive |
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necrotic laryngitis (calf diphtheria, laryngeal necrobacillosis)
a. signalment b. pathogenesis c. signs d. tx |
a. common in young cattle (3-18 mo.), esp. feedlot
b. trauma to larynx --> laryngeal contact ulcers allow invasion by Fusobacterium necrophorum c. acute moist painful cough, dyspnea, stertor, open mouth breathing, head & neck extended, +/- fever, anorexia, salivation, painful swallowing untreated animals may die w/in 2-7 d. d. drugs of choice: sulfonamides, penicillin NSAIDs, tracheostomy, supportive |
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tracheal edema syndrome of feedlot cattle (tracheal stenosis, "honker cattle")
a. acute form: signalment, signs b. acute form: tx c. chronic form: signalment, signs d. chronic form: tx |
acute form
a.acute dyspnea in heavy feedlot cattle during warm weather b. ABs, steroids, NSAIDs chronic form c. dry hacking cough in lighter cattle d. no tx |
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mycotic nasal granulomas
a. etiologic agents b. signs c. dx d. tx |
a. Rhinosporidium, Helminthosporium, Aspergillus, Phycomycetes
b. upper resp. noise, dyspnea, mucopurulent nasal d/c +/- epistaxis c. endoscopy, bx, culture d. usually not done: salvage may be practice if done: sx, sodium iodide |
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atopic rhinitis/enzootic nasal granuloma
a. pathogenesis b. signs c. dx d. tx |
a. allergic rhinitis (often plant pollen or fungal spore) --> granulomas
b. seasonal: rhinorrhea, sneezing, nasal pruritis, dyspnea, stertor, nasal d/c c. endoscopy, bx, culture, eosinophils in nasal secretions d. usually none remove allergens, antihistamines, steroids |
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What are the 3 clinical classifications of pneumonia in ruminants?
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bronchial
metastatic interstitial |
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What are the signs & causes of bronchial pneumonia?
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cranioventral pattern of lung sounds/lesions, fever, depression, sepsis
bacteria, viruses in resp. dz complex: esp. Mannheimia hemolytica: enter via pulmonary tree |
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What are the signs & causes of metastatic pneumonia?
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sepsis, widespread pulmonary lesions, hemoptysis
septic embolization of lungs from other sites |
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What are the signs & causes of interstitial pneumonia?
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animals not depressed or septic, diffuse lesions, abnormal lung sounds
usually noninfectious (toxins, allergens): no response to ABs |
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What is the largest cause of economic loss in feedlot calves, lambs, & a common cause of dairy calf death losses?
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respiratory dz complex (RDC)
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What are the big 4 respiratory viruses vaccinated against in cattle?
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bovine herpesvirus 1 (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis)
bovine viral diarrhea virus parainfluenza virus type 3 bovine respiratory syncytial virus |
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What is the tx for respiratory dz complex?
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antimicrobial therapy
-tx early/long enough & w/ right drug -past performance also used to select drug -evaluate response: rectal temp, degree of illness *if no response after 3 d., may change drug -tx until signs of fever, toxemia, & dyspnea absent for 48 hrs. -sheep & goats: ceftiofur, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, penicillin, erythromycin -mass medication: various ABs used (injection or oral) anti-inflammatory therapy: NSAIDs (flunixin), corticosteroids, antihistamines |
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What are some ways to prevent respiratory dz complex?
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feedlot calf pneumonia
-preconditioning: assuring that at least 3 wks before shipping, calves are weaned, fed in bunks, castrated, dehorned, treated for parasites, vaccinated against respiratory pathogens --> ↓ morbidity & mortality -minimize transport time -limit mixing of calves -control dust -maintain adequate hydration -process at feedlot after 12 hr. rest but w/in 48 hrs. of arrival -mass AB tx on arrival (metaphylaxis) may be indicated for some high risk groups: tetracyclines, sulfonamides, tilmicosin, etc. vaccination -viruses: PI-3, BHV-1, BVDV, BRSV -bacteria: products available for Manheimia (Pasteurella) & Histophilus spp. *variable efficacy: used less commonly |
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aspiration pneumonia
a. causes b. signs c. tx |
a. careless drenching/stomach tubing, pail fed calves, animals w/ swallowing disorders
b. immediate death or gangreous pneumonia c. ABs, anti-inflammatories, supportive (guarded px) |
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contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
a. etiologic agent b. occurrence |
a. Mycoplasma mycoides mycoides --> fatal bronchopneumonia
b. eradicated from US |
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contagious caprine pleuropneumonia
a. etiologic agent b. occurrence |
a. Mycoplasma F38 --> fatal pneumonia
b. Africa, Middle East, Asia |
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Mycoplasma pneumonia of goats
a. transmission b. signs d/t M. mycoides mycoides c. dx d. tx |
a. milk or colostrum
b. septicemia, polyarthritis, pneumonia, mastitis in kids & does c. isolation from milk, joint fluid, etc. d. ABs (tylosin, tetracycline) may ↓ signs but not eliminate carrier state |
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vena caval thrombosis & metastatic pneumonia
a. pathogenesis b. primary causes c. etiologic agents |
a. septic emboli from thrombi in caudal (most common) or cranial vena cava --> MF lung abscesses
b. liver abscesses assoc. w/ rumenitis (grain overload), jugular phlebitis, mastitis, metritis c. F. necrophroum, A. pyogenes, Staph, Strep, E. coli |
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vena caval thrombosis & metastatic pneumonia
a. signalment b. signs c. tx |
a. cattle > 1 yr.
b. resp. signs w/ anemia, widespread, wheezes, hemoptysis, & epistaxis are classic may die of massive intrapulmonary bleeding or hemoptysis may see leukocytosis, hyperglobulinemia c. salvage most practical d/t grave px valuable cases: ABs |
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What is acute respiratory dz syndrome (ARDS)?
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interstitial pneumonia
sudden onset of dyspnea & any combination of following lesions: congestion & edema, hyaline membranes, alveolar epithelial hyperplasia, interstitial emphysema |
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acute bovine pulmonary edema & emphysema (ABPEE): atypical interstitial pneumonia, "fog fever"
a. epidemiology b. pathophysiology c. clinical signs |
a. adult cattle (> 2 yrs) changed from dry sparse forages to lush green pastures
nursing calves resistant usually herd outbreaks b. L-tryptophan in lush forage converted by rumen microbes to indole acetic acid & 3-methylindole (3-MI) 3-MI absorbed to blood & converted to toxic compound --> cell damage --> degeneration, necrosis, edema, hyaline membranes, cellular proliferation, & emphysema c. acute onset severe dyspnea w/ loud expiratory grunt, frothing at mouth, open mouth breathing, tachypnea, distressed but not depressed, +/- fever, +/- tachycardia -recovering cases: tachypnea/hyperpnea, harsh breath sounds, crackles/wheezes over caudal lung fields, SQ emphysema -NOT coughing |
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acute bovine pulmonary edema & emphysema (ABPEE): atypical interstitial pneumonia, “fog fever”
a. tx b. prevention |
a. numerous treatments attempted: none clearly effective
-if attempted: furosemide + flunixin b. gradual intro to lush pastures -delay use of lush pasture until after frost -cut/windrow lush pasture before grazing -graze w/ adults after grazing by younger cattle -use pasture before lush -continuous strip grazing -prophylactic meds: monensin (1 d. before pasture change + 10 additional days) or lasalocid (pre-tx for 6 d.): ↓ conversion of tryptophan to 3-MI |
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4-ipomeanol (moldy sweet potato) toxicity
a. cause b. dz progression c. tx |
a. ingestion of furanoterpenoid toxin in sweet potatoes infested w/ fungus Fusarium solani
b. herd outbreak w/ high morbidity/mortality: signs occur w/in 1 d. of exposure & death follows 2-5 d. later c. as for ABPEE |
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What are some causes of ARDS?
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ABPEE
moldy sweet potato toxicosis perilla ketones (purple/perilla mint) Brassica spp. (kale, rape, turnip tops) |
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coliform mastitis
a. etiologic agents b. route of entry c. signs |
a. E. coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter
b. via teat end from environment c. sudden onset of single quarter flare up w/ serous/watery secretions +/- systemic signs (high fever, depression, anorexia, etc.) -affected quarter: diffuse swelling d/t endotoxin diffusing thru gland |
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coliform mastitis
a. dx b. tx c. prevention |
a. milk culture from acute cases
b. ABs of limited value: bacteria probably gone by time signs noticed: should tx if severe -supportive therapy: fluids, NSAIDs, frequent milking c. bacterins (ex. J-5 vaccine) |
