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56 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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Physiology
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Study of functions and processes that occur in the body, mostly NORMAL processes
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Pathophysiology
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Study of the underlying changes in body physiology that result from disease or injury
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Amenorrhea
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Menstrual flow ceases
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Physiologic Amenorrhea: Menstrual flow ceases because of menopause, pregnancy, etc
Pathophysiologic Amenorrhea: Amenorrhea because of cancer, etc |
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"pathos"
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-suffering
(latin root) |
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Homeostasis
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Maintenance of constant conditions in the body's internal environment
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Cells require...
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Constant supply of:
1. nutrients 2. H2O 3. O2 & a Narrow Range of: 4. pH 5. Temperature |
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Stressors
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Changes or "Challenges" to the body's balance or "homeostasis"
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Compensation
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Return to homeostasis after being challenged by a stressor.
Also called "adaptation" or "healing" |
Achieved through "Control Mechanisms."
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Compensatory Mechanisms
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"Control Mechanisms" that achieve compensation.
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Glycogenolysis
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Breakdown of glycogen (a form of stored glucose)
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An example of a compensatory "response" to daily-life
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Compensatory Response to pathologic stressors such as Massive Blood Loss or Dehydration
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~HR Increases- blood moves faster to compensate for loss in volume
~Peripheral Arteries Constrict- blood is shunted to central areas (vital organs) |
Remaining fluid volume is circulated as effectively as possible, a temporary crisis measure.
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Compensatory Mechanism of..
Too Much CO2 in Body |
Control Mechanisms in the brain's respiratory centers Increase RR--> CO2 exhalation is increased
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Compensatory Mechanism of..
Too much blood volume/ Too high pressure in arteries |
~Heart pumps w/ more force- pushes blood through arteries
~ Heart Muscle Hypertrophy- "shore up" muscle, compensates for extra stress |
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Checks and Balances
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~Control Mechanism of bleeding- Clotting
~Control Mechanism of Clotting- Fibrinolytic System |
Fibrinolytic System- dismantles a clot, the "check" to the clotting process
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Decompensation
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~"Failure to compensate, adapt, heal"
~Body can't meet the challenge of stressors |
Compensation deteriorates rapidly or slowly
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Disease
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A harmful "condition" of the body (and/or mind)
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"dz."
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Disorder
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A "disturbance" in the healthiness of the body
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Syndrome
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A "collection" of symptoms
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Risk Factors
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~Factors that contribute to and/or increase the probability of a dz occuring
~"Setting the Stage" ~"Predisposing Factors" |
Ex, heredity, age, ethnicity, environment, lifestyle (smoking, diet),
(Not=Cause of Dz) |
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Precipitating Factor
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~A condition or event that "triggers" a pathologic event or disorder
~the "Kick-Off" |
Ex, an asthma attack can be precipitated by exertion
(Not=Cause of Dz) |
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Etiology
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the Cause of a disease
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Ex, Etiology of AIDS=HIV;
Etiology of Rheumatic Heart Disease=Autoimmune Disease; Etiology of TB=mycobacterium |
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Idiopathic
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"An idiopathic disease"-- dz with an Unidentifiable Cause
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Iatrogenic
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"An iatrogenic problem"-- occurs as a result of medical treatment
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Ex, If kidney failure is due to improper use of antibiotics, then "the etiology of kidney failure was iatrogenic."
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Nosocomial
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"A nosocomial problem"-- results as a consequence of being in a hospital environment
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Clinical Manifestations
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the demonstration of the presence of a sign &/or symptom of a dz
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(S&S)-- Signs & Symptoms
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Signs
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Manifestations that can be "objectively" identified by a trained observer.
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Symptoms
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"Subjective" manifestations that can only be reported by the person experiencing them,
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Ex, Pain, nausea, fatigue
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Local S&S
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localized to a particular area
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Ex, redness, swelling, heat, rash, and lymphadenopathy
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Systemic S&S
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S&S are spread throughout system
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Ex, fever, urticaria, malaise
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Urticaria
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Hives
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Lymphadenopathy
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Swelling of the lymph nodes
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Acute S&S
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~Fairly rapid appearance of S&S (over a day or several days), usually lasts only a short time
~Increase in severity, increased "acuity" |
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Chronic S&S
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~Develop more slowly, S&S are insidious, last longer, and wax/wane over months/years
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May have a pattern of Remission and Exacerbation
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Remissions
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Periods when chronic S&S disappear or dimish significantly; "Wane"
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Exacerbations
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Periods when chronic S&S become more severe or worsen; "Wax"
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"Exacerbate": to provoke, make worse
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Central
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~Problems/situations ocurring towards the center or "core" of the body
~Also refers to essential organ systems |
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Proximal
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The more central an issue is, the more "proximal" to the core it is.
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Peripheral
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Areas away from the core.
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Distal
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The more peripheral an issue is, or further away from the core, the more "distal" it is.
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Shock
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~Low BP
~Vessels of periphery constrict--> Blood is shunted to central areas-->S&S of not getting enough blood to various areas |
~Confusion- from not getting enough blood to brain
~Cool, pale extremities- not getting enough blood to periphery |
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Prognosis
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Predicted outcome of a dz based on certain factors:
~The usual course of the dz ~Person's individual characteristics (ex, age, comorbidities) |
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Comorbidities
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~Two or more coexsisting medical conditions
~Increases the chance of a poor prognosis |
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Sequela
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Aftermath of a disease
~any abnormal condition that follows and is a result of disease, injury, or treatment-- "complications" ~Rarely, a sequela is a positive "outcome," though usually the term is used for negative situations |
~Plural: "Sequelae"
~Severity of sequelae varies |
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Diagnosis
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The naming or id of a dz.
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Prognosis
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The expected outcome of a dz.
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Complication
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The onset of a dz in a person who is already coping w/ another existing dz.
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Prodromal Period
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Period of a dz during which a person experiences vague symptoms such as fatigue or loss of appetite before the onset of specific S&S.
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Includes insidious symptoms.
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Insidious Symptoms
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Vague, Nonspecific feelings and An Awareness that there is a change w/in the body.
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Latent Period
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Period of a dz during which no symptoms are readily apparent in the affected person, but the dz is nevertheless present in the body.
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Epidemiology
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The study of tracking patterns of dz occurrence/transmission among populations and by geographic areas.
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Incidence
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The number of new cases occurring in a specific period.
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Prevalence
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The number of existing cases w/in a population during a specific time.
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"Guarded"
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"Poorer"
A poorer prognosis= A more "Guarded" prognosis |
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Sputum
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Secretions from deep in the lungs.
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Diaphoresis
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Sweating
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Ex, Heavy Sweating=Profuse Diaphoresis
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ECG
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"EKG" or Electrocardiogram
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