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168 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What university created the first masters level Sport Admin.
Program?
Ohio University in 1966 at the request of Brooklyn Dodgers
President, Walter O’Malley
What is the Definition of Sport?
All forms of physical activity, which through casual or organized participation, aim at expressing or improving physical fitness and mental well being, forming social relationships, or obtaining results in competition at all levels
OR

Any Activity, experience, or business enterprise for which the
primary focus is fitness, recreation, athletics, and leisure related
3. What is the difference between “Sport” and “Sports”?
a. Sport is all-encompassing
b. Sports implies separate activities such as basketball, baseball, golf
What is the definition of an extreme/action sport? Give an
example
A general term for a collection of newer sports involving adrenaline
induced action.
Example: Skydiving, X Games
Which is more popular, Extreme Sports or traditional sports?
Extreme
List the various settings/channels for sporting managers. Give an
Example. (9)
a. Single Sport – Professional Leagues (NFL)
b. Multi Sport – High school Sports
c. College Sports – Athletic Conferences (March Madness)
d. Events Meetings, and trade Shows
e. Media- Newspaper/TV
f. Sports Sponsors
g. Professional Services – event planning/finance
h. Facilities- Stadiums and Arenas
i. Manufacturers and Retail- Product manufacturers
What are the sport industry segments?
a. Product Type Model
b. Economic Impact Model
c. Sport Activity Model
What is the product type model?
a. Based on the types of products sold or promoted by the business or
organizations within them
b. Details three product segments:
i. Sport Performance – What sport?
ii. Sport Production – What sport equipment?
iii. Sport Promotion – What advertising/giveaways?
What is the Economic Impact model?
i. Sport Entertainment and Recreation:
1. Events, teams, activities, and related associated
spending
** Associated Spending= money spent by
participants, spectators, and sponsors
ii. Sport Products and Services
1. Designing, testing and manufacturing, and distribution
of equipment
iii. Sport Support Organizations
1. League, law firms, marketing
10.What is the Sport Activity Model?
i. Based on the single characteristic that differentiates the sport industry from all other industries – the actual games and
events.
ii.Defines the sport industry as the firms/organizations
that:
1. Produce sport activities
2. Provide sport products and services
3. Sell and trade products related to sport activities
11. What is the core of the industry according to the sport activity model?
a. The sport producing sector
3 Ethical Issues in Sport:
a. Should intercollegiate athletes receive salaries?
b. Know your stance on drug/steroid testing
c. Female vs male starting salaries for coaches
What are three unique aspects of Sport Management?
a. Marketing
b. Finances
c. Social Institutions
1. The product type aka sport industry segmentation model of the
sport industry identifies the segments of the industry as…”
Sport Performance, Sport Productions & Sport Promotion
The__________ Model identifies the segments of the sport
industry and entertainment and recreation, products and
services, and support organizations
Economic Impact
One reason that ________ is a unique aspect of sport
management is that the sport invariably attracts consumers who spend more money outside the sporting arena than they spend on the sport itself
Finance
According to Pitts, Fielding, Sport is:
Any activity, experience, or business focused on fitness, recreation,
athletics, or leisure
Marketing is a unique aspect of Sport Mgmt. because:
a. Sport activities tend to be spontaneous
b. No one can predict the outcome
c. The events are inconsistent
Which of the following statements describes career paths in sport mgmt?
a. Volunteering and networking are critical to success
b. Success depends on good understanding of finance, marketing, and
mgmt.
c. A love of sport is insufficient for success
According to Mahony and Howard, What will have to be exploited
to maintain profits and interest in sport?
a. Big Events
b. Rivalries
c. Marquee Players
How are the words Sport and Religion alike?
Both are broad terms that encompass many activities or faiths
Examples of products in sport promotion segment include:
a. T-shirts
b. Giveaways
c. Print and broadcast media
d. Celebrity endorsements
Challenges and opportunities that sport managers in all segments
of the industry will face are:
a. Technology
b. Ethics
c. Globalization of sport
d. Social responsibility
Does California have the most sport management degree programs of any
state?
No- Florida does
What is the professional association for academic discipline of sport
management?
NASSM- National American Society for Sport Management
Give 2 examples of multi-sport organizations
a. Special Olympics
b. Junior Olympics
c. High school sports
Name 3 things that are unique about the financial structure of sport enterprise?
a. Most revenue is made outside of the event
b. Use of media
c. Obtaining sponsorship
What is the most important quality a person should have in sports
management?
According to Dr. Lashbrook- Passion and an ethical compass
Dr. G. Lynn Lashbrook President, Sports Management Worldwide
Things to Know:
Ø He has been an ambassador for collegiate-level athletics for over three
decades, serving as a scout, coach, recruiter, athletic director, compliance
director and academic adviser
Ø Best Advice it to always remain in the sport industry and keep working your
way up “have a ticket to the game”
Ø “Ticket to the game” = Experience, content, and connections, not just a
degree
Define Sport Marketing:
The process of designing and implementing activities for the production, pricing promotion, and distribution of a sport product or sport business product to satisfy the needs or desires of consumers and to achieve the company’s objectives
Why is sport marketing unique?
Because it is…
a. intangible
b. Involves emotional attachment
c. always subjective and ever changing
d. inconsistent and unpredictable
e. Perishable
What does the Marketing Mix include?
The four P’s: Product, Price, Place, and Promotion
What are the 10 P’s in Sport Marketing?
a. Purpose (Mission Statement)
b. Product Analysis
c. Projecting the Marketing climate (SWOT)
d. Position the product
e. Players(determine target market)
f. Package (Physical and intangible benefits/ associate sponsorships)
g. Price the product
h. Promotion
i. Place (Where is it made/sold/watched/experienced)
j. Promise (Evaluate plan)
What is Sportainment?
Marketplace reaction to consumers increasing demand for greater human excellence
Critical Thinking in Sport Entertainment:
a. Infusing current trends into the entertainment (rap/hip hop)
b. Providing pre/post and halftime entertainment
c. Finding sport product endorsers
Ethics in Sport Marketing
a. Pressure to increase product sales
b. Use/Overuse of technology
c. Communicating honest messages
In what four areas do market researchers obtain information about consumers?
a. Demographics
b. Psychographics
c. Media Preferences
d. Purchasing Behavior
. "The media, corporate sponsors, and spectators are
_____________ factors that affect the market climate."
external
Positioning is based on which of the following?
a. the type of consumers who purchase the product
b. the design and benefit of the product
c. the price of the product
d. where the product or event takes place
What logo or image is considered the most successful use of branding
Nike Swoosh
One of the most important roles of sport marketing is carrying out the_______ of the organization.
Mission
Just Remember his name...
Ben Elkin
What is the definition of Sport Communication?
A process by which people in sport, in a sport setting,
or through a sport endeavor share symbols as they create meaning through interaction.
Explain the concept of communication genres.
a. One of the 5 main theoretical concepts for the theoretical framework of Sport Communication
b. Describes a number of categories that represent the various approaches
c. Genres include:
i. The Individual Genre-how people learn; why people behave as they do
ii. The Societal Genre-How social systems function
iii. The Interpretive Genre- How Meaning is Discovered
Explain the communication concept of context:
a. Describes the number of contexts which communication can occur
b. Common contexts include: Interpersonal, group, organizational, and
mass mediated
Explain the communication concept of Process:
a. Describes the process of communication that involves multiple participants, dynamics and influences
b. Compared to the game of “telephone”
Explain the communication concept of Elements
a. Describes the basic elements/components involved in
communications such as:
i. Sender
ii.Message
iii. Channel through which the message is delivered
iv.Receiver
b. Additional components:
i. Encoding and Decoding
Explain the communication concept of Effects
Describes how much effect communication (mass media) has on the
parties (Audience)
List the theories regarding effects of mass media
a. Uses and Gratification
i. Audiences self-select or reject each message
b. Agenda Setting
i. Media cannot persuade but can influence what to think about
c. Innovation
i. Influences audiences by providing informations about
innovative ideas
d. Diffusion of info
i. Info dispersed through gossip
What are the four basic models of PR Practice?
a. One-way Publicity and Press Agentry Model
i. Most commonly used in entertainment industries
ii. Extreme Attention seeking
iii. Feedback limited to ticket sales
b. Public information model (One Way)
i. Not as extreme In attention seeking
ii. Attempt to receive greater amounts of + publicity
c. Asymmetrical Approach (Two Way)
i. Assumption that effective communication requires input
ii. Industry bends to public
d. Symmetrical (Two Way)
i. Recognition that industry and public will change positions and
behavior
What is the difference between a one way model and a two way
PR Practice model?
a. One model is only one party communicating
b. Two Way model is more of a back and forth conversation
In professional sport, the employees who create, organize and
execute charitable initiatives and other programs are called...
community relations professionals.
An organizational function that fosters development of positive
relationships between the organization and its most important
publics is called
Public relations.
__What__ refers to elements that interfere with reception of the
message?
Noise
Describe the typical duties of a person working in media
relations.
a. Write news or press releases
b. Pan news conferences
c. Manage the press box
Which of the following terms means “assigning meaning to the
communicated message”?
Encoding and decoding
Name the five key concepts of the sport communication theory
a. Communication Genres
b. Context
c. Process
d. Elements
e. Effects
The Theory of _______recognizes that the mass media may
influence audience members by providing information regarding
new developments, products or services
Innovation
True or False: Interorganizational communication occurs within a particular
sport organization setting
false, between two sport organizatios
List two new forms of media
a. iPhone Applications
b. Twitter
c. Web Sites
d. Social networking sites
e. Sports Web Blogs
f. E-commerce systems
Explain the theory of agenda setting:
The mass media are not powerful enough to tell people what to think
about an issue. But the media do have the power to influence, which
issues people think about. In other words, the mass media influence
the public agenda
True or False: The sender in the basic communication model is always one person.
False
True or False: When the Padre’s send an informational email to the A’s it is considered an
inter-organizational communication (between)
False, Intra-Communication (within)
True or False: Satellite TV is an example of new media.
False, Twitter and iPhone Applications
What theory of mass media effects is this? -- "Did you hear Lebron scored
40 points last night?
Diffusion of information
True or False: Media relations directors are responsible for press box on gameday
True
What are the two critical sources of expenses for most sport organizations?
a. Cost of Facilities
b. Cost of Salaries
_______ increases the difficulty of measuring the overall
economic size of the sport industry
Diversity
Explain revenue sharing in professional sports.
a. Helps equalize revenue discrepancies
b. NBA, MLB, NFL, and NHL share revenue from national tv rights fees
and merchandise
True or False: The net profit of most collegiate athletic programs is always
positive.
False. Most collegiate athletic programs don’t produce enough
revenue to cover their costs
Define economics in terms of the sporting industry.
The study of how people within the sport industry deal with scarcity
What is economic interaction?
The exchange of one product of value for another product of value
What does microeconomics study?
Variables such as price, revenue, cost, and profits for individual
industries and organizations
What are the four main expense categories?
a. Direct Expense
b. Operating Expense
c. Income Tax Expense
d. Other Expenses
Name two sports related careers in financial mgmt:
a. Assistant General Manager
b. VP of Financial Operations
What is a boilerplate contract?
a generic document that uses standard language and a fill in the
blank format for negotiating outside events in a facility
After negotiating an event contract, the facility coordinator must
create a work order. What is a work order and what does it do?
A “game plan” for the event; it documents all agreements, legal,
physical, and time requirements discussed with the promoter
What are the three main types of venue seating?
a. Reserved Seating
b. General Admission
c. Festival Seating
In regards to customer service, what are the 3 fundamentals to
success?
a. Brand – The Venue
b. Audience – People driven by passion for the product
c. Experience – Relationship between ticket buyer and the event
List the seven sources of revenue for intercollegiate athletics programs
a. Private Donations
b. Corporate Sponsorships
c. Television Rights
d. Merchandise Sales
e. Student Fees
f. University Support
What are the two functions of financial mgmt.?
a. Determining what to do with current financial resources
b. Determining how to procure additional financial resources
. “Typically, what do personal seat licenses, luxury suite rentals,
and booster club donations permit the purchaser to do?
a. Greenwood’s Answer: Buy a ticket to the game
b. Gives the fan more exclusive seating options for watching games in
addition to simplifying the process of attending a game
What are the four typical expense categories?
a. Direct
b. Operating
c. Income Tax
d. Other
Identify the steps that an event organizer can take to reduce
liability related to alcohol consumption?
a. Employ crowd control techniques
b. Effective signage to warn patrons of consequences
c. Trained staff in TIPS and Teams Concession strategies
d. Smaller servings of alcohol available
e. Eliminate alcohol sales after a certain point
What are the four general categories of sport facilities?
a. Single Purpose
b. Single Purpose Specialized
c. Multipurpose
d. Nontraditional
What are the typical duties of an event coordinator?
a. Transporting, assembling, erecting, and storing equipment; establishing
a control system for venue and equipment logistics; recruiting, training,
and supervising specific personnel; assisting in maintaining venues and
equipment during the event; facilitating ticketing and ticket distribution
at venue sites; and evaluating venue and equipment operations
What do some believe to be the biggest concern for facility and
event managers?
Alcohol Sales
What six components should every crowd management plan
include?
a. staff training
b. emergency planning
c. accessibility for PWD's (ppl w/ disabilities)
d. procedures for ejecting disruptive fans
e. efficient communication systems
f. effective signage
Briefly describe two job opportunities in sport related to
financial mgmt including relevant training/experience that may
be required or preferred
a. Associate Director, Athletics and Finance (Intercollegiate Athletics)
Vice President, Business Operations (Professional Sports) Accountant/
Controller (Professional Sports) Skills/training: Specialized training
and experience in accounting and business operation with Bachelors,
Masters in Accounting, Business Admin. Experience in budgeting,
expense analysis accounting and auditing procedures, etc. Ticket
or Box Office (Intercollegiate Athletics and (Professional Sports)
Skills/training: Sport management or Business-related degrees most
common. Bachelors required, Masters may be preferred but generally
not required. Experience with ticket operations, customer service,
management/supervisory skills, mastery of computer ticket software,
basic accounting and cash flow, etc.
There are more jobs with horses and dog racing than professional sports?
True
What are the 2 primary functions of financial management?
a) Managing current $
b) Obtaining new revenue sources
What does PSL stand for?
Personal Seat License
What are the two sources of expenses that are most costly?
a) Salaries
b) Facility Upkeep
List Examples of Primary managers in sports facility.
a) Facility director
b) Event coordinator
c) Operations manager
What are the three components that lead up to a career in Sport Management?
a. General Education
b. Major Courses
c. Field Experience
What are the four basic needs of decision making?
a. Credibility
b. Professionalism
c. Quality of Services
d. Confidence
Professional _______ activities include activities such as engaging
lifelong leaning and participating in business and professional
associations
Development
_______ ________ such as NASSM help you learn more about
your field, keep up with advances in your field, and expand your
network of associates
Professional Associations
According to your book, when do you become a professional?
Noww
What is considered one of the most important competencies that
a sport manager needs to possess?
The ability to express thoughts and ideas in writing
What two elements do organizations today incorporate into the performance appraisal process?
Goal setting identification and professional development needs
What are some key factors that you should pay attention to as a
new employee?
a. Mission of the organization
b. Guiding philosophies/ Mgmt. Philosophies
c. Basic Values and Norms/ Ethical Standards
d. Behavioral Expectations/ Attitude of other employees
e. Work Ethic
________ are considered fundamental to career planning and
indicate what you consider most important in your life
values
What are the three basic types of skills?
Content Skills/Functional Skills/Adaptive Skills
What are functional Skills?
General abilities that transfer to many jobs/situations
What is an excellent way to gain additional info about jobs and
work environments?
Interview/observe employees on site
What is the definition of pro sport?
Any sport activity or skill that the athlete is compensated for
The nature of professional sport is formed by what three principles; List and describe them
a. Labor – a collective group of athletes in a team sport who unionize so
that they can bargain collectively
b. Management – the collective rup of ownership that negotiates with
the players/labor
c. Governance – Attempts to regulate between the labor and the mgmt.
What was the first pro team sport in the United States?
Baseball
What are four unique aspects of pro sport?
a. Interdependence
b. Labor-mgmt. relations
c. Structure and governance
d. The role of new media
What is interdependence in regards to pro sport?
the need for teams to cooperate and compete simultaneously
What is the importance of a league? Which sport does it dominate?
a. Teams must recognize the importance of their competition and share
revenues to ensure that their competitors remain
b. Pioneered and implemented mostly in the NFL
What is luxury tax in terms of professional sport?
Used by the MLB and the NBA to tax the teams that spend the most
on player payroll and taxes shared with teams that don’t have higher
payrolls
Describe the structure and governance of pro sport.
i. League Commissioner
ii. Committee structure composed of the team owners
iii. A Central Admin. Unit that negotiates contract and
agreements on behalf of the league
What are 5 unique circumstances and conditions of Labor-Mgmt. Relations?
a. Baseball Antitrust exception
b. Collective Bargaining
c. Free Agency
d. Salary Caps
e. Player Drafts
What is the Sherman Antitrust Act?
An act created to prohibit companies from dominating their
respective markets in interstate commercial activity
Why is Baseball exempt from the antitrust act?
The court deemed baseball local in nature and it does not involve the
production of a strictly tangible good
What is the NLRA?
National Labor Relations Act
What are the three basic labor rights provided by the NLRA
a. The right to self organize, join, form and assist labor orgs.
b. The right to bargain collectively
c. The right to engage in concerted activities for employees mutual aid/
protection
What does CBA stand for?
Collective Bargaining Agreement
Define Free Agency
The ability of players, after fulfilling an agreed-upon # of years of
service with a team, to sell their services to another team w/ little or
no compensation to the losing team
Which professional organization pioneered the Salary Cap?
NBA
What advantage do poor record holding teams receive with the
Player Draft?
Priority drafting options
What are the three general levels of employment positions w/in
pro sports?
a. Executive
b. Business
c. Player/personnel
What is the sole criterion required for a sport to be considered a
pro sport?
a. Any direct form of payment
A unique feature of the MLB is its exemption from:
Sherman Antitrust Act
What effect did free agency have on professional sport?
Raised salaries
Define governance as it related to professional team sport.
the league structure that oversees both the competitive and business
elements of sport
What four aspects of pro sport distinguish it from other
industries?
a. Interdependence
b. Structure and governance
c. Labor-mgmt relations
d. Electronic/New Media
What are five distinct classifications of revenue sources for pro
sport teams?
a. Media Contracts
b. Gate receipts
c. Licensing and Merchandising Sales
d. Sponsorship Sales
e. Public Financing of Stadium
Indicate some positions available in the executive category in pro
sports
a. CEO
b. CFO
c. General Counsel
d. General Manager
Indicate some positions available in the player personnel and
core-product related category in pro sports
a. Player personnel
b. Medical
c. Training
d. Team support
e. Coaching Staff
f. Player Education and relations
g. Video Support staff
What professional women's team is propped up from the mens team?
WNBA
Give an example of Interdependence.
MLB teams must compete with each other but share revenue
Give the 4 aspects of professional sport.
Governance: each team is its own entity but has a league head person
Interdependence
New media: internet, online streaming
Labor and management
List business positions
Ticket sales
Event facilities
Marketing
Media relations
Hospitality
Community relations
Game experience
Which team is the most successful in NCAA history?
North Carolina Women’s Soccer
True or False: The Harvard and Yale Rowing teams began the first official intercollegiate athletics
True
The conferences held by Teddy Roosevelt in 1905 led to the
IAAUS. What does this stand for?
Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States
What well known collegiate association evolved from the IAAUS?
NCAA- National Collegiate Athletic Association
How are the three distinct divisions for the NCAA determined?
a. # of sports sponsored
b. Size of Budget
c. Availability of Athletic grants
d. Types of sports sponsored
e. Attendance at games
f. Seating capacity
What is the difference between the FBS and the FCS? (football bowl subdivision & football championship subdivision)
The FCS subdivision has automatic entrance in bowl games
Name two collegiate level governing bodies other than the NCAA
a. NAIA- National Association for Intercollegiate Athletics
b. National Christian College Athletic Association
Why did junior colleges feel the need to create their own
governing bodies?
The NJCAA began after the NCAA refused to allow JC students to
compete in their track and field championship in 1937
What is the purpose of Athletic Conferences?
a. To establish rules and regulations that support and sustain a level
playing field for member institutions while creating in-season and
post season athletic opportunities
b. Modern Day: negotiate tv contracts and distribute proceeds of all
agreed
Give an example of a top-level, mid-level, and first-line manager.
a. Top-level - Athletic Director
b. Mid - Assoc. or Assistant Athletic Director
c. First-Line - Academic Coordinator
What are the criteria for the division classification?
a. Size of the institutions financial base
b. Number of sports offered
c. Types of sports offered
d. Focus of the program
e. Existence of athletic grants-in-aid
Indicate some of the functions exercised by conferences
Communicated within and beyond the membership
Scheduling
Officiating
Crowd control
Contest mgmt
Compliance
Determining eligibility
Tv contracts
merchandising
Conducting surveys of its members
Fostering collegiality
Record keeping
What fundamental managerial function must athletic admins. be
able to execute?
Planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting,
budgeting
What two leadership skills do many athletic directors who work
in the major conferences contend are essential to running an
effective and efficient athletic program?
a. Ability to influence people
b. Ability to motivate people
What specific areas do assoc. and assistant directors oversee?
a. Marketing
b. Fundraising
c. Event mgmt
d. Facilities mgmt
e. Athletic communications
Describe the responsibilities of the compliance officer.
Ensures that everyone directly or indirectly involved with the athletic
program complies with the rules, regulations, and policies of the
institution, governing body, and conference
Describe the responsibilities of a public relations director?
Identifies and implements fund-raising projects, and cultivated
potential and current donors to support various aspects of the
athletics dept.
Describe the responsibilities of the sports info director
Responsible for both technical (publication materials) and mgmt.
(budget, organizing events, supervising personnel) functions
Describe the responsibilities of the SWA. (Senior Woman Administrator)
ensures that women have a role in the decision-making process
in college sport, ensures that women s interests at the campus,
conference, and national levels are represented in areas such
as business affairs and budget management, equity in athletics
oversight, personnel decisions, gender equity and Title IX, athletic
welfare, promotions, sponsorship, marketing, development,
legislation process, strategic planning, formulation of mission and
philosophy for the department.
Is Division 1 FBS larger or smaller than Div. 1 FCS
Larger
True or False: Having a Masters Degree is becoming the norm for college athletic
positions
True
True or False: Having your doctorate is becoming the norm for Collegiate AD’s
False
What association serves as the national leadership organization
for high school extra curriculars for hs sport and fine arts
activities?
NFHS – National Federation of State High Schools Association
What are the 3 Central Premises supporting interscholastic
athletic programs?
a. Athletics support the academic mission of schools
b. Athletics are inherently educational
c. Athletics foster success later in life
What are the two types of operating models used for
interscholastic athletics?
a. Centralized Organizational Structures
b. Decentralized Organizational Structures
Which organizational structure is generally implemented in
private schools?
Centralized
List three ways public schools are cutting costs during the
recession:
a. Increase home tournaments
b. Combine or eliminate lower level teams
c. Fundraisers!
Who is the University of Chicago educator that pushed athletics into schools
John Dewey
Name 3 Sports Agencies (other than schools)
AYSO/First Tee/Pop Warner
What is interscholastic?
Competitive athletics between schools
What are two skills needed for being successful in this industry?
a. Child Development skills/understanding
b. Ability to multi task/ Communication
What international sport agency was mentioned in the online lecture?
a. Right to Play, a Canadian non-profit based in Africa, Asia and the Middle East