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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why did massive castle building occur all over Europe during the Romanesque period?
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Defense was priority
Necessary to protect residents from attack by raiding tribes (no common law codex) Protection from rival feudal lords / no stable centralized government. |
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Describe the Motte & Bailey castle type
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Motte - fortification with a wooden or stone keep situated on a raised earthwork
Bailey - enclosed courtyard surrounded by protective ditch & palisade First European Romanesque castle type |
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Where did the tradition of stone defenses come from?
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- crusaders returned with the knowledge of Saracen castle construction, Roman construction and traditions with the concept of a strongly fortified city.
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Describe typical gate defenses
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- Right angle turns in access path to prevent use of battering rams.
- Winding access paths to keep enemies under fire longer. - Flanking towers allowing for shooting from high angles - Portcullis - raised timber or iron gates often paired to catch enemies within. |
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What is a Hallenkirche?
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German hall church with aisles the same height as the nave
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What are bays?
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unit form in architecture defined by spandrel arches
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When did the Medieval Dark Ages occur and why?
Law, Government, Introduction of the Feudal system |
476-1000
- A period of intellectual darkness & economic regression that occurred in Europe following the collapse of Western Roman Empire. - No stable centralized Government - Loss of organized system of Roman Laws - Gradual emergence of Feudal system |
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Which 2 powers emerge in central Europe in the so-called Dark Ages?
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1. Frankish Empire
2. Catholic Church |
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When and why did Pope Leo III crown Charlemagne Roman Emperor of the West? What did both gain from this?
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In 800 Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne, King of the Franks Roman Emperor of the West, establishing a precedent of the Pope crowning a ruler implying superiority over secular leaders, while rulers could claim they ruled by divine right.
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Name 2 characteristics of European medieval society
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- monasticism
- pilgrimages - crusades |
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Explain a transverse arch and a diaphragm arch
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Transverse - Supporting arch which runs across the vault from side to side
Diaphragm arch - Transverse wall bearing arch forming a partial wall dividing a vault or ceiling into compartments. |
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What are quoins and jambs?
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Quoins - the corner stone's of a wall are often dressed differently from the other stones.
Jambs - the stones in the sides of a door or window opening. |
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What church plan developments were made to accommodate pilgrims and how did it work?
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Ambulatory with projecting chapels - allowed pilgrims to pass without disturbing worshippers.
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What are the 2 most prominent characteristics of Romanesque walls?
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Thick stone walls
Small windows |
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Name and sketch the most common Romanesque column capital
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Block cushion or cubic capital
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What are historiated Romanesque capitals?
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Ornamented with animals, birds, or humans, alone or in foliage, usually illustrating bible stories or moral lessons, by mid 11th century monsters were added to the repertoire.
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What is typical for most Romanesque column shafts?
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Non tapered column - no entasis
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What is a west werk
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- Monumental, west - facing entrance
- multiple stories interior includes entrance, vestibule chapel & series of galleries over nave. |
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Name the 3 wall levels of a Romanesque Basilica and BOLD the one added in the Romanesque period.
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Clerestory
TRIFORIUM Arcade |
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What is the difference between a wheel window and a rose window?
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Wheel Window - Romanesque with thick areas of stone to separate glass.
Rose Window - Gothic, stained glass with very thin stone supports. |
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Name 12 characteristics of Romanesque Architecture
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1. Semicircular arches
2. Alternating Support structure 3. Cushion Capitals 4. Paired columns 5. Choir raised on platform 6. Wheel window 7. Plate Tracery 8. Arcade, Triforium, Clerestory 9. West werk on churches 10. Fortified Appearance 11. Non tapered columns 12. Historiated capitals 13. Ambulatory connected to aisles 14. Projecting Chapels from Ambulatory |
