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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When did Rome exist?
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from roughly 1000 B.C. to A.D. 500
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What does civilization mean?
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from civitas (an organized city or city-state).
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What is roman civilization?
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a society centered on the city of Rome with urbanization (cities) marked by extensive use of writing, and characterized by complex political and social institutions and progress in arts and sciences
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Old World Civilizations - 3500-300 B.C. Mesopotamia
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“between the rivers” – extremely fertile land allowed for advanced societies
- began the first known civilization - <b>writing originated here</b> |
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Old World Civilizations - 3500-500 B.C. Egypt
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- 500 B.C. egyptians were taken over by persians and later by the greeks
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Old World Civilizations - 1500-100 B.C. Greece
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- take on writing
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Old World Civilizations - 500 B.C.-A.D. 500 Rome
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- took over greeks, later took over Egypt and not long after took over Mesopotamia
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3000 B.C. – beginning of the <b>Bronze Age</b>
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- people started to use metal tools instead of stones or wooden tools
- new technological advances |
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2000 B.C. – dispersal of indo-europeans
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- huge <b>migrations</b> that began from India into Europe
- large amounts of people for some unknown reason started to <b>move west</b> and take their technology (riding horses, making pottery, husbandry, etc.) - took some thousand years to complete the moves - important event because <u>we believe the romans were indoeuropeans</u> |
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1000 B.C. – first settlements around Rome
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- romans were not <i>atockphimas</i> <b>(not native)</b> but had come from the east
- we cant trace back roman history before 1000 B.C. |
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800 B.C. – beginning of the <b>Iron Age</b>
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- people started to move from using <u>bronze tools and weapons</u> to using <b>iron</b>
- iron = stronger - romans always had a society based on agriculture. Main business always farming |
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753 B.C. – traditional <b>foundation date of Rome</b>
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- the roman society was not native to rome – romans knew this
- marks roman society as different from other societies – most of the greeks believed that their land had always been their land - ruled by a <u>king</u> |
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509 B.C.- the beginning of the <b>Roman Republic</b>
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- there was a <b>revolution </b>in which the last of the kings was overthrown by the people who began a new system of government called the republic
- gave more power to the people to <u>vote</u> and oversee things |
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27 B.C. – the beginning of the <b>Roman Empire</b>
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- ruled by an emperor
- one man to rule again - empire began |
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A.D. 476
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– the end of the Western Roman Empire
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What were the types of sources the Romans had?
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• literary (or written)
• archaeological (or material) * by 500 B.C. the romans gained writing – by the Atruskins (had the first advanced society in italy) |
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What did the Romans write on?
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12 tables = 12 tablets
- romans used tablets to write on - wrote down their laws |
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What did the Romans write down?
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• romans started to make records of important events – annals (annual)
• romans were extremely superstitious and believed the gods gave them signs (e.g. eclipses, natural disasters, etc) • soon started to write down wars, deaths |
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What is epigraphy?
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the study of inscriptions
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What did the Romans use instead of paper, and what was it for?
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romans used a <b>pyrus</b>
- used for things not to be set in stone, but that had more importance than a grocery list |
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What is a codex?
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the book as we have it. Leaves bound together to create a book
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What was the forerunner of the codex?
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wax tablet
o used a piece of wood, put wax on it, scribbled in what they wanted to write |
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What type of person wrote things?
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- person of a special class
- tended to be upper class males - politicians - this made sources biased - less than 10% of people knew how to read and write |
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What was the town of Pompeii?
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important piece of the puzzle
- uncovered 200 years ago - nothing had been built upon it – able to see how people lived - huge amount of private residences - able to see every day items the romans used, paintings, etc |
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What are cognates?
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Related languages (related like cousins are related)
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What language did the Romans speak?
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Indo-european
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Who was Virgil?
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gives us the standard mythological account of the founding of rome
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romans were ______ and came from the city of ____
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- trojans
- troy |
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Who was Aeneas?
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- escaped from Troy, traveled around the mediterannean for 7 years until he landed in italy. Was told by the gods to do so
- married a princess named <B>Lividia</b> o founded the city Lividia - Virgil and other romans believe that troy had fallen – refused to believe that Aeneas had founded it - Romulus said to have founded Rome |
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romans were the first to have a ___________ style of government
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republican
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Where does the term gladiator come from?
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latin term – the gladius (short sword)
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What does toga mean?
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covering
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What does the whole 9 yards refer to?
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togas - their lengths
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Were women allowed to wear togas?
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No. however, prostitutes wore dark togas to distinguish themselves
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What percentage of our english words come from latin?
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60%
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What does" Caesar" mean?
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"long-flowing hair"
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What does <i>excursus</i> mean?
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dating (calendar, not romantic)
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Who was the princess of the Latins?
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Livinea
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What is <b>exposure</b>?
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unwanted children, instead of being killed, were left to their own devices in the woods. If the gods wanted the child to live, it would.
- she-wolf suckled romulus and remus and took care of them in the woods - they were then found and brought up by a shepherd and his wife - grew up and found out they had been cast aside - went back and confronted their uncle - founded their own kingdom - romulus hit remus in the head with a shovel and killed him |
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romans were willing to see that ____ _____ was a big part of their character (lots of brothers fighting brothers)
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civil war
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Who founded Rome?
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- Romulus
- also founded the monarchy – the rule of man - decided upon how his society would be structured - opens his city to anyone who wants to come – exiles, riff raff, criminals, etc. |
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What happened with the Sabines?
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- chariot races
- party/show - Romulus was founder of the most popular spectacles of the Romans - Had all his men grab the women in the crowd and call them Romans o Rape of sabine women - Romulus believed in the absolute power of the man/father p. 17 - Set up a strict division of classes p. 12 |
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Where did the Romans come from?
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The East (not natives of italy)
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Where was the first settlement of Rome?
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probably the palatine hill
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What is a monarchy?
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Rule of one
elected kingship - 1000/753-509 B.C. - 509 romans kicked out their king and started a new form of government - women could not vote |
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What is an oligarchy?
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rule of a few
republic with a mixed constitution - upper classes had a certain amount of power as well as lower classes - failed experiment, worked for a few hundred years though (509 – 27 B.C.) |
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what is a democracy?
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rule of many
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What is a principate?
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prince
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What does "senate" mean in Latin?
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old people - elders
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How long did the senate last for?
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1500 years – was always there regardless of the type of government
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Who were the Romans influenced by in the early monarchy?
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the Etruscans
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What was the <i>res publica</i> or republic?
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commonwealth, common to all
- government with equal shares - not a democracy - romans NEVER had a democracy |
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Who were the two consuls?
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main rulers – can veto eachother
- hope is that if you have one horrible person, the other person can’t be as bad and will hopefully veto the other - only allowed to rule for one year - problem: if you have really good consuls -> cannot be consuls again after 1 year – not a stable form of government - only senators could be consuls |
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What is <i>latium</i>?
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communities
- where the word latin comes from - latium had 30 communities in it (1 of which being rome) - by 290 B.C. Romans were the dominant people in central italy - 290 B.C. Celts tried to take over rome o in the end the celts were paid off by the romans with gold |
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What did Alexander the Great take over?
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the Persian Empire
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What were the Punic Wars?
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romans lost hundreds of thousands of men and ships
- romans felt need to dominate - in the end able to take over all of the eastern Mediterranean |
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How was Rome able to take over so much land in so little time?
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• <b>geographic placement</b>
- good resources - rome is in the center of italy and on a river that allows it access to the sea - could centrally dominate italy • <b>policies of integration and adoption</b> - allow people they conquered to speak their own language and continue their own cultures, as long as they paid roman taxes and respected the roman cultures - didn’t try to “Romanize” everyone • <b>military training</b> - developed techniques that no one else had - adopted military techniques • <b>republican system</b> - 2 consuls – allowed for one to take care of rome and the other to go out to battle - not many places had 2 rulers |
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Who was Julius Caesar?
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(100-44 B.C.)
• great general who ended up <u>conquering the Celts</u> in Gull (now France) • saw an opportunity to get that land and slaves and went for it • wanted to gain full control for himself of the Roman state • instead of 2 consuls ruling rome for 1 year, just Julius Caesar ruled rome year after year • <b>assassinated</b> – people didn’t want a one man rule • passed a huge amount of legislation that was important • month July named after him |
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Augustus
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January 17 notes
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Types of succession - what was dynastic succession?
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through family
- problem: a person is made emperor just because they are from another persons family – no proof that they will be good at ruling |
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Types of succession - what was militaristic succession?
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through force
- emperors are assassinated |
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Types of succession - what was meritocratic succession?
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through merit
- good leader who is moral and just |
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Who was Germanicus?
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Julius Caesar
died young under mysterious circumstances - cursed |
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Who was Caligula?
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- princeps
• “Little Boots” • son of great Germanicus • had a huge amount of power and wealth and had no idea what to do with it • had no experience • believed to be insane • had a fever -> recovered from it but was never the same • extremely incompetent • claimed to conquer Britain - > actually just went there and collected sea shells and brought them back • assassinated after less than 4 years of rule |
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Who was Claudius?
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- princeps
• Caligula’s uncle • took over after Caligula was assassinated • “disabled” – cerebral palsy • conquered Britain • overindulged in eating, drinking, women, gambling, etc. • changed the law of incest so that he could marry his own niece and have nero be his adopted son - niece poisoned him with a poisoned mushroom to put nero on the throne |
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Who was Nero?
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- princeps
• worst • spent his whole reign trying to prove himself - played music - chariot raced • very little skill • brought about a civil war against him and committed suicide |
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Who was Nerva?
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general
- important bridge between early empire - started a trend of picking “good emperors” who came to the throne through merit |
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Who were the "Five Good Emperors"?
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Nerva – elderly man
Trajan Hadrian Antoninus Pius Marcus Aurelius |
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When was the High Empire?
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Second Century A.D.
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What were the characteristics of the High Empire?
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• <b>peace/security</b>
- no police, lawyers, etc - 2nd century A.D. had most peace/security • <b>prosperity/wealth</b> - average roman had more than enough money • <B>health</b> - healthiest time - <b><u>Galen – famous physician</b></u> o Formed the basis of medical knowledge with his books • <b>Learning</b> - people had the time to read - very little censorship - acknowledgement of the importance of learning •<b> Justice</b> - in general, emperors took a great interest in the law - many legal experts in this period who tried to define the law •<b> Freedom</b> - relative freedom - still some slaves |
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What were the problems at the end of the High Empire?
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end of expansion which led to military weakness
- cost too much money to retain some of the provinces so they gave them up • economic stagnation • plague and natural disasters |
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What were the reasons for the decline and fall of the western roman empire?
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• <b>political/military</b>
- Germanic tribes invaded and took over the roman empire in the west - Roman empire had been weak for a long time and allowed for such an invasion - Roman soldiers were not used to fighting Germanic tribes – used to civil war • <b>economic</b> - money was needed for the military o programs like welfare was discontinued o money was discontinued for roads • <B>natural</b> - plagues • <B>moral</b> - such an inequality among people in rome o society cant function like this - • <B>religious </b> |
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What are factors determining class?
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• <b>wealth</b>
- rich - poor o no strong middle class between the rich and poor • <B>freedom</b> - freeborn o always free o full rights as freeborn roman - freedperson o had once been slaves but were freed o if you had once been a slave and were freed, you could never become and equestrian or a senator • stigma attached - slave o no rights •<B> citizenship</b> - roman o roman had many more rights than a foreigner - foreign |
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What is a timocracy?
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- what rome began as
(“rule by the valiant”) -> ruled by a <b>warrior class</b> - the best warriors fought eachother for control - the senate were the great veterans of war |
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What is a plutocracy?
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(“rule by the rich”)
- people who have the most <b>money and financial backing </b>are the ones who can campaign - became a society based on wealth o wealth based on land -> farmers with largest plot of land were wealthy people - roman society was divided between the wealthy and the poor o 30 main families – “patrician” = wealthy |
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What is an aristocracy?
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(“rule of the best”)
- best favoured by the gods |
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Who was Cicero?
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106-43 B.C.
• thought democracy was a horrible form of government • best is aristocracy • political victim in the end – killed by the elite |
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What is an equestrian?
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having to do with horses – those people in roman society who could afford horses in battle
- came to mean people who were wealthy, but were not in the senate - now means a wealthy person who is not in politics |
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Who are proletarians?
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only purpose is to pump out babies
- live a poor life |
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What was a roman birth certificate?
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inscription on bronze recording
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What is patricia potestas?
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fatherly power
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How could people advance in class?
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• the acquisition of <b>money</b> – could buy their way in
• the acquisition of <b>prestige</b> • kinship ties through <b>marriage</b> or <b>adoption</b> • <b>patronage</b> |
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What was a patron?
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- assistance
- protection • welfare programs didn’t exist • no insurance of any kind • people had to turn to other people to help them out • patron provided a safety to people - wealthy man on your block |
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Who lived in the familia (household)?
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• parents, grandparents, slaves
• everyone who lived under one roof - not necessarily in the same house, but all under the control of one person |
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Who was the <i>paterfamilias </i>?
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– father of the family (controller)
- didn’t literally have to be a father o a man who was in charge of the household o pater=boss |
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What power (patricia potestas) did the father have?
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- <b>power of life and death</b>
o at the time of birth the father would be presented with his boy or girl and he had the choice to acknowledge them. The father could dismiss the child if they want and the child would be exposed. (p. 28-29) o common to not kill the child, but leave them somewhere to die – exposed (to the elements) o an exposed baby could be taken by anyone – usually raised as a slave - <b>judgement on family members</b> o could judge all members and have the final say - <b>finances</b> o all money went to paterfamilias - releasing from his power o women never had independence – had to be released to another guardian - responsibility to support and protect |
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What is the <i>Materfamilias</i>?
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mother of the family
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What were the duties of the materfamilias?
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o bearing legitimate children
o raising children o domestic management o expected to teach children discipline and old fashioned roman values o meant to be teacher/provider over caregiver o matrona – married woman who behaves in an ideal way |
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What does concordia mean?
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"harmony"
having an arranged marriage and growing to love the person |
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How were Roman names for boys chosen?
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- Boys were given praenomen + nomen + cognomen = given name, clan name, family name
- E.g. Marcus Tullius Cicero o Marc of the “chickpea” family in the Tully clan - Gaius Julius Caesar o Guy of the “long-haired” family of the Julian clan |
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How were Roman names for girls chosen?
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- nomen (in feminine form)
- clan name (in feminine form) - e.g. Tullia = female member of the Tully clan - Julia = feale member of the Julian clan |
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Where would a wedding ceremony take place?
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in the brides family home
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What would symbolize the marriage?
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clasping their hands together
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Who was Hymen?
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god of marriage
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What king wanted there to be large families?
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Augustus
- wanted large families – gave tax breaks to those who had large families - tried to dissuade adultery in many ways – reinstated killing for adultery - augustus was trying to bring rome back to its ideal state |
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What is <i>infamia</i>?
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– pimp and prostitute were considered to be infamous – did not have certain rights, even if they were citizens
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Who was Cupid?
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roman name for the boy god of love – son of venus
- brings desire into people, makes people fall in love - shoots people with an arrow - sexual desire=illness |
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How many brothels were found in Pompeii?
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40,000
city only had 20,000 people |
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What was the Romans basic way of preventing pregnancy?
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anal sex
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What does “Lente impelle” mean?
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"go in slowly" (anal)
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What is <i>pederasty</i>?
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older man having sex with younger man
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What does “hic habitat felicitas” mean?
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"Here lives good fortune"
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Who was Priapus?
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God of sexual potency or erection
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Who were <i>honestoires</i>?
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upper class
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Who were <i>humiliores</i>?
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lower class
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