Roman Art And Archaeology: Final Exam, People Part 1

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Augustus

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The first emperor of Rome; known as Divi Filius, Sebastos, and Princeps- served the Roman Empire as Consul, Imperator, and Pontifex Maximus both before and during his reign

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Octavian

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The grandnephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar, whose name he took until the Senate awarded him the honorific title of Augustus

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Emperor Augustus

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The EMPEROR reigned from 27 BCE to 14 CE

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Livia

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Divorced Tiberius Claudius Nero to marry Octavian after having given birth to the future emperor Tiberius with her first husband

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Gaius Caesar

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The first son of Agrippa and Julia, was adopted by Augustus in 17 BCE; he died in 4 CE of wounds incurred during a military campaign in the East

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Lucius Caesar

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The second son of Agrippa and Julia; Augustus adopted him in 17 BCE along with his brother, but he died in Gaul in 2 BCE

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Octavia

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The sister of Augustus and was once married to Mark Antony until he divorced her

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Julia

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the daughter of Augustus; married to Marcellus, then Agrippa, and then Tiberius

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Marcellus

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The son of Octavia and her first husband; he was married to Augustus' daughter Julia and was the emperor's first choice as a successor, but he passed away before it was his turn to reign

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Agrippa

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The live-long friend of Augustus and naval commander at the Battle of Actium; he was married to Julia and was the father of both Gaius Caesar and Lucius Caesar

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Tiberius

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An emperor whose reign encompassed food shortages, army revolts, and few public events; he was the son of Livia, and the adopted son of Augustus and he was not deified upon his death

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Emperor Tiberius

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This EMPEROR reigned from 14-37 CE before dying from natural causes

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Agrippina the Elder

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the daughter of Agrippa and Julia; the wife of the adopted son of Tiberius (Germanicus) and the mother of Emperor Caligula

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Emperor Caligula

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This EMPEROR reigned for a short time, from 37-41 CE, and his reign ended when he was assassinated by the Praetorian Guard

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Caligula

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Adopted by Tiberius after the death of Germanicus; the third emperor of Rome who demanded to be recognized not only as princeps by his people, but also as a god

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Emperor Claudius

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His EMPEROR ruled from 41-54 CE and as emperor he began new works for the public good such as the construction of aqueducts, roads, and even a harbor

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Claudius

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He was hailed as the new emperor by the Praetorian Guard after they assassinated his nephew; he conquered Brittannia while his rule as the fourth emperor of the Roman Empire

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Agrippina the Younger

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The sister of Caligula, and the niece and fourth wife of Emperor Claudius; mother of Nero

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Emperor Nero

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This EMPEROR reigned from 54-68 CE; he set up fire codes and killed off all his competition before being forced to commit suicide

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Nero

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The adopted son of Claudius and the last emperor of the Julio-Claudian Dynasty; known as the chubby emperor who confiscated land from the Roman people for his own personal use

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Severus and Celer

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The best architects of their day who designed Nero's elaborate Golden House

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M. Holconius Rufus

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An important public figure of Pompeii during the early first century C.E who held many important governmental offices; in recognition of his services, he was granted a number of honorific titles, including that of military tribune and father of the colony

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Valgus and Porcius

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With their private funds, the Amphitheater of Pompeii was built- these men would have expected this act to enhance their personal power and prestige

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Galba

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He joined the revolt against Emperor Nero while he was governor of Spain and won emperorship only to lose it about a year; he was murdered by the Praetorian Guard

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Otho

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He was governor of Lusitania when the praetorians hailed him as emperor but his reign did not even last a year; he commited suicide when Vitellius humiliated his army on the battlefiled- he followed the reign of Galba

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Vitellius

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Governor of Lower Germany when his troops proclaimed him emperor; after crushing Otho's troops, he entered Rome but then was murdered by Vespasian's troops

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Emperor Vespasian

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This EMPEROR ruled from 67-79 CE, ending the Year of the Four Emperors and beginning the Flavian dynasty before dying of natural causes

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Herod the Great

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The Roman client king of Judea who was known for his colossal building projects throughout Judea; Upon his death, the Romans divided his kingdom among three of his sons

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Titus

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The eldest son of Emperor Vespasian who captured Jerusalem and became the second emperor of the Flavian Dynasty upon of the death of his father; he was deified

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Domitian

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The third and last Flavian emperor who happened to be the younger son of Vespasian; he was a "self-indulgent megalomaniacal emperor" whose memory was damned by the Senate after he was murdered

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Rabirius

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An ancient Roman architect whose designs included the massive Flavian Palace, situated on the Palatine Hill at Rome, and the Alban Villa at present-day Castel Gandolfo, both erected on a commission by his patron, emperor Domitian

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Nerva

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A respected senator who had served twice as consul and was the Roman Senate's choice to succeed Domitian; old and in poor health, he died 16 months after becoming emperor

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Trajan

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The first non-Italian Roman emperor who, during his principate, helped Rome reach its greatest geographic extent; he was a soldier emperor that was granted the title "Optimius Princeps," Roman's best ruler

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Apollodoros

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A favorite of Trajan, he designed the Forum Trajanum and Trajan's Column within the city of Rome; he also designed the triumphal arches of Trajan at Beneventum and Ancona and is widely credited as the architect of the Pantheon

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Plotina

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The wife of Emperor Trajan; she was born in Gaul and was very instrumental in arranging Trajan's adoption of Hadrian who later deified her after her death in 123 CE.

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Decebalus

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He was the last king of Dacia and is famous for fighting three wars against the Roman Empire; when Trajan came to power, he invaded Dacia to weaken its threat to Roman border territory and this final king of Dacia was defeated

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Emperor Trajan

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This EMPEROR, born in Spain, ruled from 98 to 117 CE and was the adopted son of Nerva and was deified after dying of edema (dropsy)

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Vespasian

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Commander of the Roman legions in Judaea when he was hailed as emperor by the armies of Egypt, Judea, and Syria; the Senate recognized him as emperor after the death of Vitellius

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Emperor Nerva

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This EMPEROR began the dynasty of the Five Good Emperor and ruled from 96 to 98 before dying of old age / natural causes

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Emperor Titus

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This EMPEROR ruled for only two years before dying of a fever (r. 79-81)- his reign, though short, was marked by tradegy with the eruption of Mount Vesuvius and a fire and plague in the capital the following year

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Emperor Domitian

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This EMPEROR ruled from 81-96 CE and fit the Neronian mold; he drained the treasury and demanded his subjects to address him as 'dominus et deus' (lord and master)

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M. Julius Cottius

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The king of the Ligurian tribes inhabiting the mountainous region now known as the Cottian Alps; he initially maintained his independence in the face of Augustus' effort to subdue the various Alpine tribes, but finally submitted when Augustus named him prefect of the dozen tribes in his region

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Hadrian

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A bearded emperor who was a true intellectual and a lover of all the arts; he was born in Spain and not formally adopted by Emperor Trajan until after his death (after being adopted he was able to become the next emperor of the empire) and as one of the Five Good Emperors, he was deified upon his own death

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Emperor Hadrian

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This EMPEROR ruled from 117 to 138 and was nicknamed Graeculus ("Greekling") due to his love of the Greek culture; he was the most philhellenic of all the Roman emperors and he was also known as the traveler emperor for he loved to tour all of the provinces of his empire

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Sabina

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Trajan's niece and Hadrian's wife; she was awarded the title Augusta and was deified upon her death just like her husband and uncle

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Antinous

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A Greek youth and a favourite, or lover, of the Roman emperor Hadrian; he was deified after his death, being worshiped in both the Greek East and Latin West, sometimes as a god and sometimes merely as a deified mortal

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Antoninus Pius

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The adoptive son of Hadrian who presided over the Roman Empire at the height of the Pax Romana; respected for his piety, he was deified at his death just as his adoptive father

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Emperor Antoninus Pius

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This EMPEROR was one of the Five Good Emperors and he ruled the empire from 161 to 180 CE before he died while on a campaign; he is shown with a short beard and curly hair while his mature features are blemishless

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Faustina the Elder

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The wife of Antoninus Pius whose image features her with wavy hair parted down the center of her head; she was named Augusta during her husband's reign and was deified when she died

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Lucius Verus

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Adopted by Antoninus Pius at Hadrian's insistence and was the co-emperor with Marcus Aurelius until he died of food poisioning

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Marcus Aurelius

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The adoptive son of Antonius Pius who was known as the Philosopher Emperor; as a devotee of Stoic philosophy, he wrote Meditations and wore his beard longer than Hadrian and Antonius Pius to show that he was an intellect and a scholar

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Emperor Marcus Aurelius

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This EMPEROR was the last of the Five Good Emperors and ruled from 138 to 161; During his reign, the Empire defeated a revitalized Parthian Empire in the East and after dying from a fever, he was deified like his adoptive father

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Faustina the Younger

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The daughter of Antinous Pius and was married to Marcus Aurelius; she was awarded the honorary title of Augustus and gave birth to 13 children, one of whom was Commodus

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Commodus

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He was groomed from boyhood to succeed his father as emperor and once his reign began, he was a tyrannical ruler who followed in the mode of Caligula, Nero, and Domitian; He was assassinated and his memory was damned

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Emperor Commodus

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This EMPEROR ended the Antonine Dynasty; he was the son of Marcus Aurelius and Faustina the Younger, and he considered himself the Hercules reincarnate once he became emperor

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Septimius Severus

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He was the governor of Pannonia Superior when his troops hailed him as Roman Emperor after the assassination of Pertinax; his rule began the Severan Dynasty but marked the ended the period of Roman peace (Pax Romana)

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Emperor Septimius Severus

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This EMPEROR (r. 193-211) was born in Lepcis Magna on the continent of Africa into a distinguished senatorial family; he was the "Serapis type" and his portraits underscore his North African roots

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Julia Domna

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The daughter of the high priest of the Syrian sun god Ba'al and the wife of Septimius Severus; The mother of Caracalla and Geta and is shown in her portraiture wearing a "helmet-like" wig

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Caracalla

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The elder son of Septimius Severus and Julia Domna and the brother of Geta, he and his brother succeed their father as co-emperors, but he had his brother killed 10 months later

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Emperor Caracalla

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This EMPEROR ruled from 211-217 and killed his wife and father-in-law; his image shows him with short hair (military look), a very short beard, and an intimidating expression; he was assassinated by dagger in the sixth year of his rule

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Geta

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He was the younger son of Septimius Severus and Julia Domna; his brother had his memory damned after ordering his murder

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Pertinax

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The Senate elevated him to emperor the night that Commodus was assassinated, but after just three months of ruling over the Roman Empire, he was murdered by the Praetorian Guard

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Pescennius Niger

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He claimed the imperial throne in response to the murder of Pertinax and the elevation of Didius Julianus, but was defeated by a rival claimant, Septimius Severus, and killed while attempting to flee from Antioch

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Plautianus

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The powerful praetorian prefect under Septimius Severus whose daughter, Plautilla, married the emperor's son Caracalla; Caracalla had him murdered in 205 CE

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Plautilla

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The daughter of Plautianus and the wife of Caracalla; when her husband killed her father, she was banished from Rome and later put to death under the orders of her estranged spouse

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Elagabalus

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An emperor of the Severan Dynasty whose family promoted him as the rightful heir to power in opposition to Macrinus by claiming that his real father was Caracalla; he was assassinated four years into his reign

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Julia Masea

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The sister of Julia Domna and the mother of Julia Mammea; as grandmother of both the Roman emperors Elagabalus and Alexander Severus, she figured prominently in the ascension of each to the title at the age of fourteen

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Julia Mammea

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The daughter of Julia Domna's sister Julia Maesa; she was the mother of Severus Alexander and held enormous power during her sons 13-year reign

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Macrinus

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Caracalla appointed him prefect of the Praetorian Guard and he ruled for a short time after Caracalla was assassinated; he became the first emperor who did not hail from the senatorial class but he was soon executed

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Severus Alexander

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The adoptive son of Elagabalus whom he succeeded; he was the last emperor of the Severan Dynasty and under the influence of his mother, he did much to improve the morals and condition of the people, and to enhance the dignity of the state

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Emperor Severus Alexander

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This EMPEROR ruled from 222-235 and during his reign he was confronted with the rising Sassanid Empire; he attempted to bring peace by engaging in diplomacy and bribery and this act alienated many in the legions and led to a conspiracy to assassinate and replace him

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Herodes Atticus and Annia Regilla

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A distinguished and rich Greek aristocrat and sophist who served as a Roman senator and was betrothed to a wealthy aristocratic woman whom he later built an elaborate tomb for after her death