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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Sentimental Appeals |
use emotion to distract the audience from the facts |
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Red Herrings |
Use misleading or unrelated evidence to support a conclusion |
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Scare Tactics |
try to frighten people into agreeing with the arguer by threatening them or predicting unrealistically dire consequences |
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Bandwagon Appeals |
encourage an audience to agree with the writer because everyone else is doing so |
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Slippery Slope arguments |
suggest that one thing will lead to another, oftentimes with disastrous results |
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Either/Or Choices |
Reduce complicated issues to only two possible courses of action |
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False Need |
Arguments create an unnecessary desire for things |
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False Authority |
asks audiences to agree with the assertion of a writer based simply on his or her character or the authority of another person or institution who may not be fully qualified to offer that assertion |
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Using Authority Instead of Evidence |
occurs when people use personal authority as proof |
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Guilt by Association |
calls someone's character into question by examining the character of that person's associates |
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Dogmatism |
shuts down argument by stating that the writer's beliefs are the only acceptable ones |
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Moral Equivalence |
compares minor problems with much more serious crimes |
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Ad Hominem |
attacks a persons character rather than their reasoning |
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Strawman |
arguments set up and often dismantle easily refutable arguments in order to misrepresent an opponent's argument in order to defeat him or her |
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Faulty Causality or Post Hoc) |
arguments confuse chronology with causation: one event can occur after another without being caused by it |
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Non Sequitur |
is a statement that does not logically relate to what comes before it. An important logical step may be missing in such a claim. |
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Equivocation |
ahalf-‐‐truth, or a statement that is partially correct but that purposefully obscures the entire truth |
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Begging the Question |
occurs when a writer simply restates the claim in a different way; such an argument is circular |
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Faulty Analogy |
is an inaccurate, inappropriate, or misleading comparison between two things |
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Stacked Evidence |
represents only one side of the issue, thus distorting the issue |