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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is a syncytium?
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A single cell or cytoplasmic mass containing several nuclei, formed by fusion of cells or by division of nuclei
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'A single cell or cytoplasmic mass containing several nuclei, formed by fusion of cells or by division of nuclei' defines...
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A syncytium
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What is the difference between a channel and a carrier? Give an example of each
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A channel forms a continuous water-filled passage from one side of the cell membrane to the other (e.g. potassium channel)
A carrier switches between a form that is pen on one side and a form that is open to the other (e.g. glucose carrier) |
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What is a glial cell? Give an example
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A type of cell, in the nervous system, that provides support for the neurons. A Schwann cell would be an example
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A type of cell, in the nervous system, that provides support for the neurons. A Schwann cell would be an example
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A glial cell
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What is an ionotropic receptor? Give an example
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A type of receptor that, upon binding of an agonist to its extracellular aspect, opens to allow movement of ions
E.g. Nicotinic Acetylcholine receptor |
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What is a metabotropic receptor? Give an example.
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A cell surface receptor that, upon binding of an agonist to its extracellular aspect, activates an enzyme whose catalytic cyte faces the cytosol
E.g. = Insulin receptor and beta adrenergic receptor |
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What is the 'equilibrium potential'?
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In a single-ion system, the membrane potential at which there is no net (overall) flow of that particular ion from one side of the membrane to the other.
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In a single-ion system, the membrane potential at which there is no net (overall) flow of that particular ion from one side of the membrane to the other.
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The equilibrium potential
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A type of receptor that, upon binding of an agonist to its extracellular aspect, opens to allow movement of ions
E.g. Nicotinic Acetylcholine receptor |
An ionotropic receptor
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A cell surface receptor that, upon binding of an agonist to its extracellular aspect, activates an enzyme whose catalytic site faces the cytosol
E.g. = Insulin receptor and beta adrenergic receptor |
A metabotropic receptor
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What factors affect the equilibrium potential?
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The concentration force tending to push ions out, and the electrochemical force tending to keep ions in
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What is the 'membrane potential'? What is its shorthand?
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The difference in voltage (or electrical potential difference) between the interior and exterior of a cell
Vm |
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The difference in voltage (or electrical potential difference) between the interior and exterior of a cell
Vm |
The membrane potential
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State the different devisions of muscle from largest to smallest
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Muscle
Fascicle Muscle fibre (a cell) Myofibril (Organelle made up of sarcomeres) |
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State the different divisions of muscle from smallest to largest
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Myofibril (Organelle made up of sarcomeres)
Muscle fibre (a cell) Fascicle Muscle |
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What is Nifedipine and what does it do?
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A dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker (i.e. it is a calcium antagonist) and is used as a coronary vasodilator in the treatment of cardiac and circulatory disorders
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A dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker (i.e. it is a calcium antagonist) and is used as a coronary vasodilator in the treatment of cardiac and circulatory disorders
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Nifedipine
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What is excitation-contraction coupling?
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A term used describe the physiological process of converting an electrical stimulus to a mechanical response
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A term used describe the physiological process of converting an electrical stimulus to a mechanical response
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Excitation-contraction coupling
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What's an end-plate potential?
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The depolarizations of skeletal muscle fibers caused by neurotransmitters binding to the postsynaptic membrane in the neuromuscular junction
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The depolarizations of skeletal muscle fibers caused by neurotransmitters binding to the postsynaptic membrane in the neuromuscular junction
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End-plate potential
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The sarcolemma is the plasma membrane of a myocyte T/F
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T
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What is calsequestrin?
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A calcium-binding protein of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The protein helps hold calcium in the cisterna of the sarcoplasmic reticulum after a muscle contraction, even though the concentration of calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum is much higher than in the cytosol.
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A calcium-binding protein of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The protein helps hold calcium in the cisterna of the sarcoplasmic reticulum after a muscle contraction, even though the concentration of calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum is much higher than in the cytosol.
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Calsequestrin
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What is 'TnC'?
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Part of the troponin complex. It contains four calcium-binding EF hands
It binds to calcium ions to produce a conformational change in TnI (exposing the myosin-binding site) |
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Part of the troponin complex. It contains four calcium-binding EF hands
It binds to calcium ions to produce a conformational change in TnI (exposing the myosin-binding site) |
TnC
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What is troponin?
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A complex of three regulatory proteins that is integral to muscle contraction in skeletal and cardiac muscle, but not smooth muscle.
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A complex of three regulatory proteins that is integral to muscle contraction in skeletal and cardiac muscle, but not smooth muscle.
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Troponin
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What is SERCA (sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase)?
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A Ca2+ ATPase that transfers Ca2+ from the cytosol of the cell to the lumen of the SR at the expense of ATP hydrolysis during muscle relaxation.
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A Ca2+ ATPase that transfers Ca2+ from the cytosol of the cell to the lumen of the SR at the expense of ATP hydrolysis during muscle relaxation.
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SERCA (sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase)
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What are the five main lobes of the brain?
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Frontal
Parietal Occiptal Temproal Insula |
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Where is a dorsal root ganglion? What is it also known as? What does it contain?
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AKA Spinal ganglion
Carries sensory (afferent) nerves ('Drs') It is a nodule on a dorsal root that contains cell bodies of neurones in afferent spinal nerves |
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What are oligodendrocytes?
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Glial cells concerned with the production of myelin in the central nervous system (i.e. they perform the function of Schwann cells, except in the CNS)
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Glial cells concerned with the production of myelin in the central nervous system (i.e. they perform the function of Schwann cells, except in the CNS)
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Oligodendrocytes
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AKA Spinal ganglion
Carries sensory (afferent) nerves ('Drs') It is a nodule on a dorsal root that contains cell bodies of neurones in afferent spinal nerves |
Dorsal root ganglion
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What sort of axons run through dorsal roots?
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Sensory/afferent spinal nerves ('SAD')
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Sensory/afferent nerve fibres have their cells of origin in a ganglion that lies inside/outside of the CNS
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Outside
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What sort of axons run through the ventral roots?
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Motor/efferent spinal nerves ('MEV' (c.f. 'SAD' of dorsal roots))
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Sensory/afferent nerves are those that 'exit' the spinal cord T/F
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F - they are entering the spinal cord. Efferent/motor nerves exit it.
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Where, specifically do the cell bodies of motor/efferent nerves lie?
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In the anterior columns of grey matter (within the CNS)
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Between which vertebra is the sympathetic outflow?
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T1 - L2
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Between which vertebra is the parasympathetic outflow?
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Parasympathetic outflow from the neuraxis is from the cranial or sacral regions ONLY
Said to have a 'craniosacral' outflow (CN III, VII, IX) |
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Which cranial nerves are parasympathetic (and hence, autonomic)?
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CN III, VII and IX (?X)
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How is the sympathetic chain connected to the spinal cord?
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Via grey and white rami communicantes
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What do white rami communicantes contain?
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Myelinated preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres
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What do grey rami communicantes contain?
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Unmyelinated postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres
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What kind of muscle do somatic motor nerves supply?
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Skeletal (voluntary) muscle
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Which dermatome supplies the umbilicus?
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T10
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