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140 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Experimental Design |
An experiment should test one thing (variable). Everything else should be constant. If everything else is not constant, then you are not really testing that one variable. |
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Independent Variable |
Variable that you change |
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Dependent Variable |
Variable that changes in response to what you change |
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Control |
Group that independent variable does not influence (so you can see if the independent variable actually makes a difference) |
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Common prefixes |
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milli = |
= 1/1000 |
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1 meter (m) = |
= 1000 millimeters (mm) |
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1000 milligrams (mg) = |
= 1 gram (g) |
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kilo = |
= 1000 |
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1 kilometer = |
= 1000 meters |
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1000 grams = |
= 1 kilogram |
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Atoms |
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Protons |
Positive charge, in nucleus |
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Neutrons |
No charg, in nucleus |
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Electrons |
Negative charge, outside nucleus |
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Atomic Number |
Identifies element; number of protons; also number of electrons |
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Mass Number |
Number of protons plus neutrons; mass of nucleus |
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Bonding (Types of Bonds) |
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Covalent |
Formed from sharing electrons (strongest) |
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Ionic |
Formed from transfer of electrons (attraction between ions) |
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Hydrogen |
Formed from attraction between positive and negative charges on polar molecules |
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Van der Waals forces |
Very weak attractive forces |
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pH |
Measure of the number H+ ions in solutions |
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The more ___ ions the more acidic |
H+ |
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The more ____ ions the more basic |
OH- |
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Each number change in pH is a __________________ |
10 fold change in concentration |
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Scale runs 0-14 |
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Below 7 = |
= acidic |
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Above 7 = |
= basic |
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7 = |
= neutral |
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Organic Compounds |
The definition of an organic compound is that it has carbon. Usually consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
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Carbohydrates |
Made up of monosaccharide monomers; cellulose (plant cell walls), glucose (blood sugar) |
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Proteins |
Have monomers of amino acids (amine means there is nitrogen); proteins do the work in the cell |
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Lipids |
Have fatty acid monomers; fats, oils, waxes |
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Nucleic acids |
Have nucleotide monomers; DNA and RNA |
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Enzymes are.... |
Biological catalysts & proteins |
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Enzymes speed up reactions by ________ activation energy (energy to start reaction) |
Lowering |
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What's the substance that binds to enzymes? |
Substrate |
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Enzymes and substrates bind by and induced fit mechanism. Inhibiting an enzyme means.... |
To slow it down or stop it completely |
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ATP (adenosine triphosphate) |
ATP is the molecule made during cellular respiration that provides energy for every cellular reaction. |
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Organization for Living Things (Smallest to Largest) |
1.Atom 7.Organism 2.Molecule 8.Population 3.Cell 9.Community 4.Tissue 10.Ecosystem 5.Organ 11.Biome 6.Organ System 12.Biosphere |
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Ecology |
Energy primarily comes from the sun and moves up the food chain, from autotrophs to hetertrophs |
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Symbiosis |
Relationship where two species live closely together |
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Mutualism |
Both helped |
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Commensalism |
One helped and the other is neither helped or harmed |
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Parasitism |
One helped and the other is harmed. The one who is harmed is called the host. |
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Populations |
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Carrying Capacity |
Most organisms an environment can support at carrying capacity, the population becomes stable |
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Exponential Growth |
Paradise conditions, doesn't happen very long in nature |
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Logistic Growth |
Occurs after exponential growth when there are limits on growth |
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Density-dependent Limits |
Predation, disease, competitions |
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Density-independent Limits |
Weather, natural disasters |
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Cells |
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Plasma Membrane |
Made of phosphlipids; protects and encloses |
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Diffusion |
Movement from high to low conc. (no energy) |
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Osmosis |
Diffusion of water |
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Active Transport |
Movement that requires energy |
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Cell Wall |
Protects; made of cellulose in plants |
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Mitochondria |
Makes ATP energy during cellular respiration |
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Chloroplast |
Absorbs sunlight and makes glucose during photosynthesis |
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Ribosome |
Makes proteins from mRNA |
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Endoplasmic Reticulum |
RER- Chemically modifies proteins that come from ribosome SER- Makes lipids for cell membrane |
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Gogli |
Packages and sorts proteins |
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Lysosome |
Waste removal |
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Vacuole |
Storage |
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Cytoplasm |
Jelly-like substance that fills the cell |
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Nucleus |
Controls cell; has DNA |
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Nucleous |
Inside nucleus; makes ribosomes |
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Pathway for Protein Synthesis |
Made in ribosome --> RER --> Golgi (exports) |
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Cell Division |
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Reasons cells divide |
1) Ratio of surface area to volume - as ratio decreases, it is harder for cells to transport substances (supplying nutrients and expelling waste) 2) DNA "Overload" - cell gets too big for DNA to handle |
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Cell Cycle |
Cycle of growth and division; way cells reproduce |
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3 Main Stages |
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Interphase |
Cell grows and copies DNA |
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G1 |
Cell grows to adult size |
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S |
DNA copies |
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G2 |
Organelles and cytoplasm for new cell are made
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Mitosis |
Division of the cell's nucleus; M phase |
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Cytokinesis |
Division of the cytoplasm, creating a new cell |
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Mitosis |
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Prophase |
-Nuclear membrane disintegrates -Chromosomes condense -Mitosis spindle starts to form |
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Metaphase |
-Chromosomes attach to mitotic spindle and align along equator of cells |
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Anaphase |
-Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell |
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Telophase |
-Chromosome reach opposite ends of cell -Nuclear membrane re-forms -Chromosomes decondense |
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Meiosis |
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Homologous Chromosomes |
One chromosome from each parent
(ex: #12 from mom and #12 from dad) |
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Diploid
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-Cell with both sets of chromosomes (2n)
-Somatic (body cells) -Human cell - 2n = 46 |
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Gametes are haploid so that when sperm and egg meet in fertilization, the new organism will have the correct number of chromosomes. |
Egg (23) + Sperm (23) = 46 chromosomes
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Meiosis
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Process by which gametes are formed; cuts number of chromosomes in half
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Crossing over
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Occurs in Prophase 1; increases genetic variation
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Photosynthesis
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6CO2 + 6H2O ---> C6H12O6 + 6O2 Carbon Water Light Sugar Oxygen Dioxode |
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Plants contain _______ with light-absorbing _______ (chlorophyll) that converts light energy into chemical energy. |
Chloroplasts; pigments
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Thylakoids |
Sac-like structures in chloroplast that contain chlorophyll; arranged in stacks called grana
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Stroma |
Fluid surrounding thylakoids |
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Two-phase process |
-Light-dependent reactions
-Light-independent reactions |
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Whats happens in light-dependent reactions? |
Light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of NADPH (full electron taxi) and ATP (energy molecule). Takes place in thylakiods membrane. |
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What happens in light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle)? |
ATP and NADPH are used to make glucose. Takes place in stroma. |
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Cellular Respiration |
Process where organisms break down glucose to get cellular energy (ATP) |
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C2H12O6 + 6O2 ---> 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy |
(Glucose + oxygen ---> water + carbon dioxide +energy) |
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Three Stages: |
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Glycolysis |
Glucose is broken down into pyruvate, ATP and NADH are formed; oxygen is not required; takes place in cytoplasm |
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Kreb's cycle |
Takes place in mitochondrial matrix; oxygen is required |
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Electron Transport Chain |
Takes place in mitochondrial membrane; oxygen is required; produces the most ATP |
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What is NADH and FADH2? |
Electron carriers (taxis) |
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Fermentation |
In the absence of oxygen, fermentation takes place after glycolysis so that organisms can still produce ATP |
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Alcoholoic fermentation |
Occurs in yeast and bacteria; ethyl alcohol (ethanol) and carbon dioxide are give off; makes ATP |
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Lactic acid fermentation |
Occurs during strenuous exercise in muscle cells when the body cannot supply oxygen to cells quick enough; lactic acid is produced; makes ATP |
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DNA |
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Monomers= |
= nucleotides - consist of sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate, and nitrogenous base |
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What are the 4 nitrogenous bases? |
Adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine |
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What are the rules of base pairing? |
Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T) Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C) |
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What does DNA look like? |
Double stranded and in the shape of a double helix |
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DNA Replication |
Semi-conservative. Each new DNA molecule consists of one old strand and one new strand. |
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Transcription |
Process by which DNA is turned into a completely sequence of mRNA (ribonucleic acid) |
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RNA |
Single stranded, contains the sugar ribose, contains the nitrogenous base uracil (instead of thymine) |
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Translation |
Process by which mRNA is turned into an amino acid (protein) chain |
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Central Dogma of Molecular Biology (Protein Synthesis) |
DNA CCT TCA CAT TCT AGC TGG 👇 Transcription 👇 RNA CCU UCA CAU UCU AGC UGG 👇 Translation 👇 Proteins Pro Ser Ala His Ser Trp |
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Genetics |
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Heredity |
Passing of traits from parent to offspring |
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Geneics |
Study of genes and heredity |
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Gregor Mendel |
Father of genetics; Austrian monk; gardener who study pea plants |
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Purebred |
Offspring with same traits as parents |
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Hybrids |
"Half-breeds" Offspring with different traits than parents |
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Gene |
A segment of DNA on a chromosome that controls a particular heredity trait |
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Alleles |
Different molecular forms of a gene |
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Dominant |
Allele (factor) that masks the expression of another allele (factor) |
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Recessive |
Allele (factor) that is masked |
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Dominant Alleles |
Capital letters (A, B, E, etc.) |
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Recessive Alleles |
Lower case letters (a, b, e, etc.) |
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Phenotype |
Physical characteristics |
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Hybrids |
"Half-breeds" Offspring with different traits than parents |
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Monohybrid Cross |
Crossing two pea plants that are heterozygous for seed color (Yy) will produce offspring in the ratio shown in the Punnett square. |
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Genotype |
Genetic makeup |
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Dihybrid Cross |
Dihybrid Cross (gene linkage) A and a represent one trait, and B and b represent a different trait that is linked to inheritance of A or a |
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Incomplete Dominance |
Alleles are not completely dominant over another. The heterozygous genotype will result in a phenotype that is in between the homozygous phenotypes. |
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Codominance |
Alleles are not completely dominant over another. The heterozygous genotype will result in a phenotype that has a mix of both the homozygous phenotypes. Incomplete dominance and codominance problems work the same way. |
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Sex-Linkage |
Genes are linked when they are on the SAME chromosome. Sex-linked gene are on the sex chromosome, X or Y. This means that these genes are paired with gender. Most sex-linked genes are x-linked. Boys are more likely to X-linked recessive traits, because they only have one X chromosome. Girls have a second X to, hopefully, cover up and bad recessive genes. |
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Pedigrees |
A pedigree is a family tree that shows how genetic traits are passed through the generations. Picture of hemophilia in European royal families passed down through Queen Victoria. |
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Evolution |
A. Species change over time B. Biological change over time is the consequence of four interactions 1. Potential for a species to increase its numbers 2. Genetic variability offspring due to mutation and recombination of genes 3. Limited supply of resources 4. Natural Selection C. Evolution provides an explanation for the fossil record and for similarities observed among the diverse species of living organisms D. Diversity is the result of more than 3.5 billion change over time E. All species today are related by descent from common ancestors Think about the BIG IDEAS involved with natural selection.... Organisms better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully. |
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Classification |
Scientific names consist of the organism's genus and species and are in Latin. Ex: Human = Homo sapiens |
