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58 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

what does external respirtion involve?

exhange of O2 and CO2 with the environment

What does internal respiration involve?

cellular respiration (uptake of O2 and production of CO2 in individual cells)

what three processes are involved in external respiration ?

1.Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
2.Gas diffusion- across membranes
3.Transport of O2 and CO2- between alveolar capillaries and between capillary beds in other tissues

1.Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
2.Gas diffusion- across membranes
3.Transport of O2 and CO2- between alveolar capillaries and between capillary beds in other tissues

what is pulmonary ventilation? what does it provide

-the physical movement of air in and out of respiratory tract


-provides alveolar ventilation

what does the movement of air dependent upon

atmospheric pressure

what muscle do the lungs rest upon?

the diaphragm

what happens to the muscles of respiration as one inhales/ inspiration

contractions of the diaphragm are combined with contractions of muscles associated with an elevation of the ribs. ( intercostal muscles)



during inspiration the external intercostals (lift ribs up and out) , pectoralis minor (lifts ribs), and sternocleidomastoid ( lifts sternum up and out) muscles contract to expand the rib cage, and the diaphragm
contracts to flatten its dome shape. The combined effect of these contractions is an
increase in the size (volume) of the chest cavity

what happens during expiration ?

the muscles associated with expiration relax ( no energy needed) and the elastic properties of the lung sallow them to return back to the resting volume

what is required for there to be a flow of air ?

For air toflowinandoutofthelungs,therehastobeanassociatedpressure difference between theinterna lenvironment of the lungs and the external environment

flow of rate equation

F=(P1-P2)/R



P1=the pressure at point P1
P2=The pressure at poin tP2
R=The resistance to flow

what law is used to describe the pressure in the alveoli and what does it state ?

Boyle's law: ‘the absolute pressure exerted by a given mass of a confined ideal gas is inversely proportional to the volume it occupies,provided the temperature remains constant’


Boyle's law equation

P=1/V or PV=constant



Boyle's law combined with charles' law

P = nRT/ V



P=Pressure
n=Numberofmolesofgas
R=Gasconstant
T=Absolutetemperature(DegreesKelvin)
V=Volume

describe the fow of air

–Air flows from area of higher pressure to area of lower pressure

what does a respiratory cycle consist of ?

–An inspiration(inhalation)
–An expiration(exhalation)

what causes volume changes that create changes in pressure

Pulmonary Ventilation

how does the volume of the thoracic cavity change?

With expansion or contraction of diaphragm or rib cage

what is tidal volume (V T ( T sub))

Amount of air moved in and out of lungs in a single respiratory cycle

what operates the respiratory pump?


What does it aid in ?

-Cyclical changes in intrapleural pressure operate the respiratory pump.


-aids in venous return to heart

what happens to the diaphragm and thoracic cavity volume as the rib cage is elevated

- diaphragm is depressed
-thoracic cavity volume increases

- diaphragm is depressed


-thoracic cavity volume increases

what happens to the pressures inside and outside of the lungs during inhalation

Elevation of the rib cage and contraction of the diaphragm increase the size of the thoracic cavity. Pressure within the thoracic cavity
decreases, and air flows into the lungs.

Elevation of the rib cage and contraction of the diaphragm increase the size of the thoracic cavity. Pressure within the thoracic cavity
decreases, and air flows into the lungs.

what happens to the pressures inside and outside of the lungs during exhalation

When the rib cage returns to its original position and the diaphragm relaxes, the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases. Pressure rises, and air moves out of the lungs

When the rib cage returns to its original position and the diaphragm relaxes, the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases. Pressure rises, and air moves out of the lungs

what are the 2 possible causes for lung collapse ?

(1)Elastic recoil: this is based upon the elastic properties of the alveolar walls.
(Note that when inhalation muscles relax,elastic components of muscles and
lungs recoil,returning lungs and alveoli to original position(elastic rebound))
(2) Surface tension:Formation of droplets in the alveoli can cause the alveolar

how is the collapse of lungs usually prevented ?

by a combination of surfactant and intrapleural pressure

what is surfactant

a substance that stops alveoli rubbing together and thus collapse.

what secretes sufactant in the lungs and what does it consist of

Surfactant is secreted by the alveolar epithelium and consists of a mixture of lipoproteins.With surfactant,the attractive force produced by surface tension is about 4 mmHg.Without surfactant,this force would be between 20-30mmHg.

how does intrapleural pressure help reduce lung collapse

During expiration,the intrapleural pressure will drop to about 2mmHg below atmospheric pressure (Atmosphericpressure=760mmHg).
Elastic recoil stops a s it comes into balance with the negative intrapleural pressure

what is compliance

ability to expand (lungs and thorax

what kind compliance requires greater force

low compliance

what kind of force is required by high compliance

low force

what are the factors that affect compliance

•Connective tissue structure of the lungs
•Level of surfactant production
•Mobility of the thoracic cage

how is compliance measured ?

•Thisismeasuredintermsoftheincreasedlungvolumeperunitofpressurechangeinintrapulmonarypressure.
•Compliance is expressed as litres per cm of water(L/cm).Compliance of the lungs and thorax is normally about 0.13L/cm.Thus for every 1cm increase in intrapulmonary pressure,the lungs volume will increase by0.13L.

what is 1 atm

760 mmhg

describe Intrapulmonary pressure (intra-alveolar pressure)

–Relative to atmospheric pressure
–In relaxed breathing, the difference between atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure is small
•About -1 mm Hg on inhalation or +1 mm Hg on exhalation

–Relative to atmospheric pressure
–In relaxed breathing, the difference between atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure is small
•About -1 mm Hg on inhalation or +1 mm Hg on exhalation

describe maximum intrapulmonary pressure ?

–Maximum straining, a dangerous activity, can increase range
•From -30 mm Hg to +100 mm Hg

describe intrapleural pressure

–Pressure in space between parietal and visceral pleura
–Averages -4 mm Hg
–Maximum of -18 mm Hg
–Remains below atmospheric pressure throughout respiratory cycle

–Pressure in space between parietal and visceral pleura
–Averages -4 mm Hg
–Maximum of -18 mm Hg
–Remains below atmospheric pressure throughout respiratory cycle

what's pneumothorax

air into pleural cavuty

what is atelectasis

lung collapse (due to pneumothorax)

what is millimetres of mercuryy

most common weight of reposrting blood pressure and gas pressures

what is the mmgh equivalant for 1 torr

1 mmgh


1 atm r= 760 torr


atm p at sea level

15 psi

Pounds per square inch

a measure compressed gas cylinders

centimetres of water (cm H2O)

unit used in hospital for anaesthetic gas pressure and osgen

when are accessory repiratory muscles used

when respiration increases significantly

most important muscles of respiration

external intercostals and diaphragm

which type of respiration is passive or active

exhalation

why is exhalation sometimes active

when it is forced

muscles used in inhalation

–Diaphragm
•Contraction draws air into lungs
•75% of normal air movement
–External intercostal muscles
•Assist inhalation
•25% of normal air movement
–Accessory muscles assist in elevating ribs
•Sternocleidomastoid, Serratus anteri...

–Diaphragm
•Contraction draws air into lungs
•75% of normal air movement
–External intercostal muscles
•Assist inhalation
•25% of normal air movement
–Accessory muscles assist in elevating ribs
•Sternocleidomastoid, Serratus anterior, Pectoralis minor, Scalene muscles

muscles used in exhalation

–Internal intercostal and transversus thoracis muscles
•Depress the ribs
–Abdominal muscles
•Compress the abdomen
•Force diaphragm upward

–Internal intercostal and transversus thoracis muscles
•Depress the ribs
–Abdominal muscles
•Compress the abdomen
•Force diaphragm upward

accessory muscles of inhalation

-Sternocleidomastoid
muscle
-Scalene muscles
-Pectoralis minor
muscle
-Serratus anterior
muscle

-Sternocleidomastoid
muscle
-Scalene muscles
-Pectoralis minor
muscle
-Serratus anterior
muscle

accessory muscles of exhalation

- internal intercostals


-transeversus thoracis


- external oblique


-internal oblique


-rectus abdominis

primary muscle of inhalation

diaphragm


external intercostals

what's quiet breathing

Involves active inhalation and passive exhalation

what dominates deep breathing

diaphragm/ diaphragmatic breathing

what muscle dominated shallow breathing

rib cage ( costal breathing )

describe forced breathing (hyperapnea)

–Involves active inhalation and exhalation
–Assisted by accessory muscles
–Maximum levels occur in exhaustion

what happens to the intrapulmonary pressure when the intrapulmonary volume changes

it also changes

expansion of thoraci cavity does what to the volume

increases it


(pressure decreases so gas now flows from outside to inside)