Respiratory System Lecture 6- The Gross Structure Of The Lungs And Regional Has Exchange

Front 1

lungs

Back 1

air filled organs which normally float on water

Front 2

lungs composed of

Back 2

fine meshwork of airways

Front 3

lungs expand ....
lungs contact...

Back 3

passively due to change in volume of thorax, inflow of oxygen rich air
due to elastic tissue throughout lungs, outflow of carbon dioxide rich air

Front 4

cardiac notch

Back 4

3rd to 5th intercostal space
where lungs do not separate heart from ribcage

Front 5

lung base

Back 5

diaphragmatic surface
concave surface adjacent to diaphragm

Front 6

apex of lung

Back 6

adjacent to thoracic inlet

Front 7

costal surface of lung

Back 7

convex

Front 8

medial surface of lung

Back 8

indent by heart
3rd to 6th rib

Front 9

root of lung

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composted of grouped principle bronchus, pulmonary artery, veins and nerves wrapped in pleural covering
location of tracheobronchial lymph nodes
enter lungs at hilus

Front 10

number of lung lobes in dog

Back 10

2 left
4 right

Front 11

number of lung lobes in horse

Back 11

2 left
3 right

Front 12

lobes defined as

Back 12

structures supplied by a secondary lobar bronchus

Front 13

connective tissue septa

Back 13

subdivide lobes into lobules
contain elastin, collagen, blood vessels

Front 14

consistancy of septa in ruminants and pig

Back 14

thick

Front 15

consistancy of septa in horse

Back 15

thin and incomplete

Front 16

consistancy of septa in dog

Back 16

almost non exsistant

Front 17

left lung has ___ lobes

Back 17

2- cranial and caudal

Front 18

cranial left lung lobe

Back 18

has cranial and caudal portions in species other than horse

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right lung has ___ lobes

Back 19

3-4

Front 20

right lung is... than left lung

Back 20

larger

Front 21

cranial lobe of right lung is ventilated by

Back 21

tracheal bronchus in ruminants and pig

Front 22

middle lobe of right lung

Back 22

not present in horses
separated from cranial lobe by cardiac notch

Front 23

caudal lobe of right lung

Back 23

in contact with diaphragm

Front 24

accessory lobe of right lung

Back 24

irregular in shape
located in mid ventral region of right lung

Front 25

pulmonary arteries

Back 25

oxygen depleted blood from right ventricle goes to pulmonary trunk to left an right pulmonary arteries to lungs
follow bronchi down to level of alveolus

Front 26

pulmonary veins

Back 26

oxygen rich blood from lungs goes to left atrium
variable number, usually one from each lobe some anastomosis before reaching heart
mostly follow bronchi
also provide venous from bronchi

Front 27

bronchial artery

Back 27

arises from aorta to supply bronchi and connective tissue

Front 28

lymphatic drainage
2 networks

Back 28

superficial netowrk- drains subpleural tissue into vessel at hilus of lung
deep network- drains deeper tissues via vessels running along airways from level of bronchioles
both sets merge at hilus-- tracheobronchial lymph nodes--- cranial mediastinal nodes---trachael lymphatic vessel or thoracic duct

Front 29

lymphatic drainage responsible for

Back 29

removal of material phagocytosed by macrophages in airway
mounting immune response to infectious agents

Front 30

innervation of lungs

Back 30

autonomic supply (sympathetic and parasympathetic ) from pulmonary plexus within mediastinum

Front 31

efferent innervation of lungs

Back 31

regulates activity of bronchial glands
smooth muscle of bronchi- broncho constriction or dilation

Front 32

afferent innervation of lungs supply from

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stretch receptors, reflex modification of respiration
mechanoreceptors- reflex coughing

Front 33

the lungs of birds

Back 33

lungs dorsally located against vertebrae and ribs, do not wrap around heart
expansion of airways for air intake occurs in air sacs

Front 34

ventilation perfusion matching

Back 34

efficient gas exchange requires ventilation appropriate to blood flow through lung

Front 35

at times of increased tissue demand for oxygen in addition to increased pulmonary ventilation there is

Back 35

increased cardiac output
recruitment and distension of pulmonary capiliaries

Front 36

hypoventilation

Back 36

insufficient airflow to lungs due to partial obstruction of upper or lower airway (pathological) or holding breath-->oxygen depletion and carbon dioxide accumulation in alveoli-->oxygen depletion and carbon dioxide accumulation in blood

Front 37

hyperventiliation

Back 37

breathing more deeply or rapidly than necassary to maximally oxygenate blood flowing through lungs-->surplus fresh air flowing in and out of lungs-->decrease in carbon dioxide concentration in blood ( constant removal from lungs)-->hypocapnia-->only slight increase in oxygen concentration in blood (already almost saturated)

Front 38

ventilation ___ uniform throughout lung

Back 38

not

Front 39

blood flow in alveoli dependent on

Back 39

body position
greater in ventral areas in standing animal due to hydrostatic pressure differences

Front 40

in dorsal part of lungs ____ artery pressure may fall below ___ pressure and as a result capiliaries are squashed flat precenting blood flow. only occurs with

Back 40

pulmonary
alveolar
low blood pressure

Front 41

ventilated unperfused lung =

Back 41

alveolar dead space

Front 42

during anestesia of large animals in dorsal recumbency mismatching occurs due to

Back 42

pooling of blood in dorsal lung--> need to administer pure oxygen to maintain blood PO2

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