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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Function of the Respiratory System |
To supply oxygen to and eliminate carbon dioxide from the lungs. |
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Function of the Thorax |
Provides bone protection to the lungs and assists in the air exchange. |
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The Thoracic Cage |
Consists on the sternum, the ribs, and costal cartilages, and the thoracic vertebrae. |
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The thorax |
Is wider from side to side than it is from front to back. The thoracic or chest cavity lies inside the thorax. It is within the cavity that the lungs, heart, and other vital structures are located. |
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Rib Cage |
Serves to attach the vertebral column posteriorly to the sternum anteriorly. Movement within the thoracic spine is very limited. |
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What lies inside the rib cage |
Heart, lungs, Aorta, thymus gland, portion of trachea, esophagus. lymph nodes, and important nerves. |
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Total of ribs in the Rib Cage |
Each side has 12 ribs, for a total of 24. The upper 7 ribs (also called true ribs) attach directly to the sternum anteriorly. Ribs 8 through 10 are called false ribs, because they attach indirectly to the sternum via the costal cartilage of the 7th rib. The 11th and 12th ribs are called floating ribs, because they have no anterior attachment. |
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The Sternum |
Is the long, flat bone in the middle of the anterior chest wall. Consist of three parts, the manubrium, body and xiphoid process. |
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Ribs Articulation with the Vertebrae |
1) The bodies of the vertebrae and 2) the transverse processes. |
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Joints |
Costovertebral Joints |
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Facet |
Is the articulating surface on the vertebral body, is located laterally and posteriorly on the body near the beginning of the neural arch. |
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Demifacet |
The facets are often called like that, because they articulate with only about half of the rib. |
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Articulations of the ribs and the sternum, with the costal cartilage in between are: |
Nonaxial, Diarthrodial, gliding joints. |
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Movement of the Thorax |
Most of the ribs attach anteriorly and posteriorly, there is little movement, but elevation and depression of the rib cage do occur. Are associated with inspiration and expiration. |
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Movement of the Rib Cage |
As you inhale , moves up and out, increasing the medial-lateral diameter of the chest. As you exhale, returns to its starting position by moving down and in, decreasing the medial-lateral chest diameter. |
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Sternum and Ribs movement when Inhaling |
As you inhale it moves upward and outward, increasing the anterior-posterior diameter of the chest. |
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Sternum and Ribs movement when Expiration |
Lowered, the diameter of the anterior-posterior thorax decreases, resulting in expiration. |
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Structure of Respiratory |
They are divided into upper and lower airway tracts |
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Upper Respiratory Tract |
Consist of the nasal, oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx. |
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Lower Respiratory Tract |
Is made up of the trachea and bronchial tree |
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Cartilaginous material |
All structures, down to the smallest bronchi, are made up of this, in order to allow the airway to remain open. |
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The nose |
Is mostly made up of relatively soft cartilage and consists of the two nostrils, also called nasal nares. |
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Nasal cavity |
The two nostrils lead into it. The nasal septum, formed by the vomer and part of the ethmoid bones, separates it into two fairly equal chambers. |
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What forms the roof of the nasal cavity |
The ethmoid, sphenoid, and a small part of the frontal bone, this bones also form make up the hard palate of the mouth. |
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Function of the nasal cavity |
Are to warm, filter, and moisten the air you breath in. |
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The roof of the mouth consist of |
the bony hard palate and the fibrous soft palate. |
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The Uvula |
is the soft tissue structure that hangs down in the middle at the back of the mouth; it is part of the soft palate. |
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Function of the soft palate |
Is to close off the opening between the nasal and oral pharynx during such activities as swallowing, blowing, and certain speech sounds. Forces food and liquors down into the throat during swallowing and forces air out through the mouth when blowing and speaking. |
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The Pharynx |
Is divided into three: the nasopharynx, oral pharynx, and laryngopharynx |
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Nasal Pharynx |
Has primarily a respiratory function |
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Oral pharynx |
Receives food from the mouth |
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Laryngopharynx |
Is located between the base and the tongue and the entrance of the esophagus. |
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Larynx |
Air passes into it, or also called voice box. Is located between the pharynx and the trachea, anterior to vertebrae C4 - C6. |
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Larynx consists of: |
Cartilage, ligaments, muscles, and the vocal cords. |
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Larynx Function |
Is to 1) act as a passageway for air between the pharynx and trachea, 2) prevent food or liquid from passing into the trachea, and 3) generate speed sounds. |
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The glottis |
Is the opening between the vocal cords and the area where sound is produced. It is also an important part of the cough mechanism, which is important for keeping the airways clear. |
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The Trachea |
Passing out of the larynx, air then enters the _____, commonly called windpipe. Is located anterior to the esophagus and vertebrae C6 - T4. To keep the air open is made up of c-shaped cartilage on all sides, except posteriorly. It divides into right and left main stem bronchi. |
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Lobar Bronchi |
Upper, middle, and lower - with one going to each lobe of the lung. |
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Bronchial Tree |
The trachea, bronchi, and their subdivisions are sometimes referred to as the ________ |
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Bronchioles |
Is the smallest bronchi. It is this point that the airway becomes non cartilaginous. |
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The alveolus |
Is at the very end of the bronchial tree subdivisions. These saclike alveoli cluster around the terminal bronchioles much like grapes on their stem. Exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide and vice versa. |
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The lungs |
Are somewhat triangular, being wider and concave at the bottom. This concave shape fits with the convex dome shape of the diaphragm located below. |
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The Pleura |
Is a double-walled sac, encases each lung. The outer wall of it lines the chest wall and covers the diaphragm, and the inner wall adheres to the lungs. |
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During inspiration |
The thoracic cavity increase, causing the pressure within the thorax to decrease and forcing air into the lungs. |
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Inspiration is divided into three parts |
Quiet, Deep and forced |
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Quiet Inspiration |
Occurs when an individual is resting or sitting quietly. The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles are the prime movers. |
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Deep Inspiration |
A person needs more oxygen an therefore breathes harder. Muscles that can pull the ribs up are being called into action. |
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Forced Inspiration |
Occurs when an individual is working very hard, needs a great deal of oxygen, and is in state of "air hunger". The muscles of quiet and deep inspiration are working, as are muscles that stabilizes or elevate the solder girdle. Elevates the ribs. |
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Expiration is divided into two |
Quiet and Forced |
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Quiet Expiration |
Is mostly a passive action. It occurs through relaxation of the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles, the elastic recoil of the thoracic wall and tissue of the lungs and bronchi, and gravity pulling the rib cage down from its elevated position. No muscle action occurs. |
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Forced Expiration |
Uses muscles that can pull down on the rib as well as muscles that can compress the abdomen, forcing the diaphragm upward. |
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Two ways of changing thoracic volume: |
1) Moving the ribs and 2) Lowering the diaphragm. |
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Primary Muscles during respiration |
The Diaphragm and the intercostal muscles. |
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The role of accessory muscles |
come into play during forced respiration, can be determined by noting whether a muscle's action pulls the ribs up (inspiration) or pulls them down (expiration) |
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Diaphragm Muscle |
The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominal cavity by the diaphragm muscle, a large, sheetlike dome-shaped muscle. On the lower six ribs laterally, and on the upper lumbar vertebrae posteriorly. |
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Opening in the Diaphragm muscle |
Allows passage of the esophagus, the aorta, and the inferior vena cava. |
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Diaphragm Muscle O,I,A,N |
O: Xiphoid Process, Ribs, and Lumbar Vertebrae I: Central Tendon A: Inspiration N: Phrenic Nerve (C3,C4,C5) |
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External Intercostal Muscles O,I,A,N |
O: Rib above I: Rib below A: Elevate Ribs N: Intercostal Nerve (T2- T6) |
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Internal Intercostal Muscles |
O: Rib below I: Rib above A: depress ribs N: Intercostal nerve (T2 - T6) |
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Intercostal Muscles |
Are located between the ribs and run at right angles to each other. |
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External Intercostal Muscles |
Are the most superficial muscles which run inferiorly and medially from the rib above to the rib below. They elevate the ribs below by pulling up on them from their attachment on the rib above. |
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Internal Intercostal Muscles |
They perform the opposite action. They run anteriorly and medially from the rib below to the rib above. They depress the ribs by pulling down on the rib above. |
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Anteriorly, The external intercostal muscles |
Run in the same direction as the external oblique muscles of the abdomen. |
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Accessory Expiratoty Muscles |
Operate in much the same fashion, except that they pull down on the rib cage. |
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Example of Accessory Expiratory On the Resctus Abdominis Muscle |
usually flexes the trunk, now pulls the sternum toward the pubis in a reversal of muscle action, assisting expiration. |
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Example of Accessory Expiratory on the Quadratus Lumborum |
Pulls the lower ribs toward the iliac crest in the same fashion. |
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Anatomical Relationship |
The main respiratory muscles are the deepest, while the accessory muscles lie more superficial. |
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Diaphragmatic Breathing |
Is the most efficient method of breathing and requires the least amount of energy. Normally, lowers when it contracts, causing the abdomen to move out, the lungs to expand, and air to flow into the lungs. When relaxes, it raises, the abdomen move is, the lungs recoil, and air flows out the lungs. |
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Chest Breathing |
Requires greater effort and is much less efficient than diaphragmatic breathing. During inspiration, the rib cage moves up and out (both in a medial-lateral direction and in an anterior-posterior direction), the lungs expand, and air flows into the lungs. During expiration, the rib cage relaxes, the lungs recoil, and air flows out of the lungs. |
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The Phrenic Nerve |
Is where the diaphragm muscle innervates. Arises from the third, fourth, and fifth cervical nerves. Is functionally significant because an individual with a spinal cord injury at C3 or above annoy breathe unassisted. They will depend on a respirator. |
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Valsalva's Maneuver |
Occurs when people hold their breath and attempt to exhale. This is sometimes helpful in "clearing your ears" which may have become blocked from diving or quickly descending from a high elevation. |
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Prolonged Breath-holding |
Straining forces exhalation against the closed glottis. This increases intrathoracic pressure, which traps blood in veins and prevents it from entering the heart. |