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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What does the respiratory system include?
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pharynx,larynx, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs
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what is the major function of the resp. system
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supply oxygen and remove CO2
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what are the 4 functions of the resp.system
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phonation
assist with body temperature assist in the regulation of acid-base balance sense of smell |
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Describe phonation
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voice box production
-begins in the larynx where 2 fibrous connective tissue bands stretch across the lumen -vibrate as air passes over them -produces basic sound |
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how does the respiratory system assist with body temperature?
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-when its cold, blood vessels in thenasal passageways warm air entering the body and help prevent hypothermia
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how does panting cool an animal down?
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rapid respirations cause increased evaporation of fluid from the respiratory pathway and mouth which cools the blood
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how does the respiratory system regulate the body's acid/base balance
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regulates hydrogen ions and water elimination
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what 2 levels of respiration occur in the body
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external and internal
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what is the external level of repiration
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the physical act of getting oxygen in a CO2 out the body
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what is internal respiration
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the exchange of oxygen and co2 at a cellular level
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what are the 6 aspects of the upper respiratory tract
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1.nose
2. nasal cavity 3. nasal sinuses 4. pharynx 5.larynx 6.trachea |
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describe the nose
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external structure of the nose
-supported by nasal cartilage -opened by muscles to allow air to enter readily -surrounding skin the nostril is continuous with the muzzle -lined with cilia |
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what does dialated nostrils symbolize
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-a sign that the animal is having trouble getting oxygen for its metabolic needs
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what are the components of the nasal cavity
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separated from the mouth by hard and soft palates
a. nasal conchae b. turbinates c.naso-lacrimal ducts d.nasal meatus |
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what are the nasal chonchae/turbinates
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bony scrolls lined with mucus membranes
-help protect from noxious gasses and further traps particles in the air -below the mucus membranes are numerous blood vessels which help to warm inpsired air - |
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what are the naso-lacrimal ducts
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enter the nasal cavity draining excess tears from the eyes
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what is the median nasal septum
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separates the nasal cavity into right and left halves
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what is the nasal meatus
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pathways between the conchae or turbinates
-runs dorsal to hard palate -route for passing a stomach tube -very vascularized |
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what is the function of the nasal cavity
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warm, humidify and filter air before it reaches the lungs
-highly vascular - |
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what are the nasal sinuses
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maxillary, frontal, sphenoid and palatine sinuses
-bilaterally symmetrical, mucous membrane lined and air-lined -prone to infection |
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what is the pharynx
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-the common passageway that connects the oral cavity with the esophagus and the nasal cavity with the larynx
-common passageway for food and air - |
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what are the openings to the pharynx
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mouth
2 caudal nares 2 eustachian (auditory) tubes esophagus larynx |
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what are the 3 major divisions of the pharynx
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1. nasopharynx-part of respiratory channel
2. oropharynx-part of digestive tract 3. larygopharynx-commmon to both the digestive and respiratory passageways |
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what is the larynx
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"voice box"
mucosa lined, cartilaginous tube joining the pharynx to the trachea |
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what are the functions of the larynx
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direct air to the trachea
-prevent aspiration of ingesta -houses the vocal organs - |
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describe the structure of the larynnx
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made of segments of cartilage that are connected to each other and surrounding tissue by muscles
-supported by the hyoid bone - |
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what are the major cartilages of the larynx
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epiglottis
arytenoid cartilages thyroid cartilage cricoid cartilage |
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what is the epiglottis
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leaf shaped and is located rostrally
-projects forward from the ventral portion of the larynx -during swallowing, is pulled back to cover the opening of the larynx -prevents swallowed food from entering the larynx |
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what is the arytenoid cartilage
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-have vocal folds attached to them
-responsible for controlling pitch of the voice -can function to close the glottis |
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what is the glottis
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opening of the larynx
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what is the thyroid cartilage
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adams apple
attaches to muscles associated with swallowing and phonation |
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what is the cricoid cartilage
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connects the thyroid cartilage to the trachea
-maintains teh shape of the larynx so air may pass through |
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what is the laryngeal cavity
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contains the vocal folds which run from the arytnoid cartilages to the interior floor of the thryoid cartilage
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what are the 3 main functions of the larynx
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1. voice production
2. prevention of aspiration of foreign material 3. control of airflow to and from lungs |
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describe voice phonation
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larynx relaxes and tightening the tension on the vocal cords and haveing air pass over them
-pitch can be changed: low pitch (relaxed vocal cords, open glottis) high pitch (tightened vocal cords, closed glottis) |
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how does the larynx prevent aspiration of foreign material
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trapdoor effect of epiglottis
-muscle contractions pull entire larynx forward and fold the epiglottis back over its opening |
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how does the larynx control the airflow to and from the lungs
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closing of epiglottis and adjusting of the size of the epiglottis
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what is the trachea
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short wide tube extending from the larynx down to the thorax
divides into the 2 main bronchi: left and right bronchi -stimulates coughing |
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what is tracheal bifurcation
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region of division of the 2 bronchi
-occurs at about the level of the heart |
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describe the trachea
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composed of C-shaped hyaline cartilage (opening of the c is dorsal)
-lined with cilia to trap foreign bodies -lined with mucus |