Respiratory System

Front 1

what is the entire process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells called?

Back 1

Respiration

Front 2

What does respiration consist of?

Back 2

ventilation, gas exchance between blood and lungs, gas transport in the bloodstream, gas exchange between the blood and body cells, and cellular respiration

Front 3

The organs of the respiratory tract can be divided into two groups; what are they?

Back 3

Upper respiratory tract and Lower respiratory tract

Front 4

What does the upper respiratory tract consist of?

Back 4

nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, and pharynx

Front 5

What does the lower respiratory tract consist of?

Back 5

larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs

Front 6

what is the nose supported by?

Back 6

by bone and cartilage

Front 7

the nose provides entrance for what?

Back 7

air in which air is filtered by coarse hairs inside the nostrils.

Front 8

where is the nasal cavity located?

Back 8

in a space posterior to the nose.

Front 9

what is the nasal cavity divided by?

Back 9

medially by the nasal septum

Front 10

what divides the cavity into passageways that are lined with mucous membrane, and help increase the surface area available to warm and filter incoming air?

Back 10

nasal conchae

Front 11

what is the nose supported by?

Back 11

by bone and cartilage

Front 12

the nose provides entrance for what?

Back 12

air in which air is filtered by coarse hairs inside the nostrils.

Front 13

where is the nasal cavity located?

Back 13

in a space posterior to the nose.

Front 14

what is the nasal cavity divided by?

Back 14

medially by the nasal septum

Front 15

what divides the cavity into passageways that are lined with mucous membrane, and help increase the surface area available to warm and filter incoming air?

Back 15

nasal conchae

Front 16

what is the entire process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells called?

Back 16

Respiration

Front 17

What does respiration consist of?

Back 17

ventilation, gas exchance between blood and lungs, gas transport in the bloodstream, gas exchange between the blood and body cells, and cellular respiration

Front 18

The organs of the respiratory tract can be divided into two groups; what are they?

Back 18

Upper respiratory tract and Lower respiratory tract

Front 19

What does the upper respiratory tract consist of?

Back 19

nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, and pharynx

Front 20

What does the lower respiratory tract consist of?

Back 20

larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs

Front 21

____ are air-filled spaces within the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones of the skull.

Back 21

sinuses

Front 22

where does the sinuses open to? what are they lined and continuous with?

Back 22

the sinuses open to the NASAL CAVITY. they are lined with MUCUS MEMBRANE that is continuous with LINING OF THE NASAL CAVITY

Front 23

what is the role of sinuses?

Back 23

to reduce the weight of the skull

Front 24

what do sinuses serve as?

Back 24

a resonant chamber to affect the quality of the voice

Front 25

What is the common passageway for air and food?

Back 25

the pharynx

Front 26

what does the pharynx aid in?

Back 26

producing sounds for speech

Front 27

where is the larynx located?

Back 27

its an enlargement in the airway superior to the trachea and inferior to the pharynx

Front 28

what is the role of the larynx?

Back 28

to help keep particles from entering the trachea and also houses the vocal cords

Front 29

what is the larynx composed of?

Back 29

a framework of muscles and cartilage bound by elastic tissue

Front 30

what makes up the vocal cords inside the larynx?

Back 30

two pairs of folds of muscle and connective tissue covered with mucous membrane

Front 31

what are the two pairs of folds in the larynx?

Back 31

upper pair and lower pair

Front 32

what does the upper pair of the larynx consist of?

Back 32

false vocal cards

Front 33

what does the lower pair of the larynx consists of?

Back 33

true vocal cords

Front 34

what does changing the tension on the vocal cords control?

Back 34

pitch

Front 35

what does increasing loudness depend on?

Back 35

increasing the FORCE of AIR vibrating the vocal cords

Front 36

what happens during normal breathing?

Back 36

the vocal cords are relaxed and the glottis is a triangular slit

Front 37

what happens during swallowing?

Back 37

the false vocal cords and epiglottis close off the glottis

Front 38

what extends downward anterior to the esophagus and into the thoracic cavity and splits into right and left bronchi

Back 38

trachea

Front 39

what is the inner wall of the trachea lined with?

Back 39

ciliated mucous membrane with many goblet cells that serve to trap incoming particles.

Front 40

what is the tracheal wall supported by 20 complete or incomplete cartilaginous rings?

Back 40

incomplete

Front 41

what consists of branched tubes from the trachea to the alveoli?

Back 41

the bronchial tree

Front 42

where does the bronchial tree begins with? and where does it lead?

Back 42

begins with the two primary bronchi, each leading to the lungs

Front 43

The branches of the bronchial tree from the trachea are __a__ and __a___; these further subdivide until bronchioles give rise to __b__ ducts which terminate in ___c___.

Back 43

a. right and left primary bronchi
b. alveolar
c. alveoli

Front 44

where does the gas exchange between the blood and air occurs?

Back 44

through the thin epithelial cells of the alveoli

Front 45

what encloses the lungs?

Back 45

the diaphragm and thoracic cage

Front 46

what enters each lung?

Back 46

the bronchus and large blood vessels

Front 47

cone-shaped lungs are separated medially by what?

Back 47

mediastinum

Front 48

in the lungs a layer of serous membrane, the visceral pleura, folds bock to form what?

Back 48

parietal pleura

Front 49

what is the role of visceral pleura?

Back 49

attached to the lung

Front 50

what does the parietal cavity line?

Back 50

thoracic cavity

Front 51

what is the role of the serous membrane?

Back 51

to lubricate the pleura cavity between the membranes

Front 52

how many lobes does the right lung have?

Back 52

three

Front 53

how many lobes does the left lung have?

Back 53

two

Front 54

what does each lobe of the lungs composed of?

Back 54

composed of lobules that contain air passageways, alveoli, nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and connective tissue

Front 55

what muscles are involved in expanding the thoracic cavity?

Back 55

includes the diaphragm and the external intercostal membrane

Front 56

what keeps the alveoli from sticking to each other so they do not collapse when internal air pressure is low?

Back 56

surfactant

Front 57

define atmospheric pressure concerning lungs

Back 57

the FORCE that moves air into the lungs

Front 58

the forces of expiration are due to what?

Back 58

the elastic recoil of the lung and muscles tissues and from the surface tensions within the alveoli

Front 59

_____ expiration is aided by the thoracic and abdominal muscles that compress the abdomen against the diaphragm.

Back 59

forced

Front 60

the measurement of air volumes is called____ and what does it describe?

Back 60

spirometry and describes four distinct respiratory volumes

Front 61

what is a respiratory cycle defined as

Back 61

one inspiration followed by one expiration

Front 62

the amount of air that enter or leaves the lungs during one respiratory cycle is called what?

Back 62

tidal volume

Front 63

during forced inspiration, an additional volume is called what? this can be inhaled into the lungs

Back 63

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Front 64

IRV+TV gives us that inspiratory _____

Back 64

capacity

Front 65

During a maximal forced expiration, ___a_____ can be exhaled, but there remains a __b__ volume in the lungs. Adding the two together gives us ___c___ _____ ______

Back 65

a. expiratory reserve volume
b. residual
c. function reserve volume

Front 66

define vital capacity

Back 66

the tidal volume plus the inspiratory reserve and expiratory reserve volumes combined

Front 67

Total lung capacity consists of?

Back 67

vital capacity plus residual volume

Front 68

what is the air remaining the the bronchial tree called?

Back 68

anatomic dead space

Front 69

is normal breathing involuntary or voluntary?

Back 69

involuntary act even though the MUSCLES are under voluntary control

Front 70

what are components of the respiratory center include in the brain?

Back 70

the rhythmicity center of the medulla and the pneumotaxic area of the pons

Front 71

the medullary rhythmicity center includes what two groups of neurons?

Back 71

1. the dorsal respiratory group
2. the ventral respiratory group

Front 72

what respiratory group of the rhythmicity center is responsible for the basic rhythm of breathing?

Back 72

dorsal

Front 73

what respiratory group of the rhythmicity center is responsible for the the forceful breathing?

Back 73

ventral

Front 74

pneumotaxic area of the pons control the nerve impulses to regulate the rate of breathing in what group?

Back 74

dorsal respiratory group

Front 75

what affects breathing?

Back 75

chemicals, lung tissue stretching, and emotional state

Front 76

chemosensitive areas (central chemoreceptors) are associated with the respiratory center and are sensitive to what changes?

Back 76

changes in the blood concentration of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions.

Front 77

what causes the breathing rate to increase in the central chemorecetors signal of the respiratory center?

Back 77

either carbon dioxide or hydrogen ion concentrations rises

Front 78

____a__ chemoreceptors in the __b__ sinuses and ___c_ ___ sense changes in the blood oxygen concentration, transmitting impulses to the respiratory center and the breathing rate and ___d__ ____ increase.

Back 78

a. peripheral
b. carotid
c. aortic arch
d. tidal volume

Front 79

______ lowers the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood

Back 79

hyperventilation

Front 80

what is the only site if gas exchange between the atmosphere and the blood?

Back 80

alveoli

Front 81

what does the respiratory membrane consists of?

Back 81

the epithelial cells of the alveolus, the endothelial cells of the capillary, and the two fused basement membranes of these layers

Front 82

gas exchange occurs across what membrane?

Back 82

respiratory

Front 83

gases diffuses from areas of ____ pressure to areas of ____ pressure

Back 83

high to low

Front 84

the amount of pressure each gas exerts is equal to _____ pressure

Back 84

partial

Front 85

what are the factors that favor increased diffusion?

Back 85

more surface area, shorter distance, greater solubility of gases, and a steeper partial pressure gradient

Front 86

what is transported in association with molecules in the blood or dissolved in the plasma membrane?

Back 86

gases

Front 87

over 98% of oxygen is carried in the blood bound to hemoglobin of red blood cells, producing ______

Back 87

oxyhemoglobin

Front 88

what is the role of oxyhemoglobin

Back 88

is unstable in areas where the concentration of oxygen is low, and gives up its oxygen molecules in those areas.

Front 89

when is more oxygen released?

Back 89

as the blood concentration of carbon dioxide increases, as the blood becomes more acidic, and as blood temperature increases

Front 90

a deficiency of oxygen reaching the tissues is known as?

Back 90

hypoxia

Front 91

carbon dioxide may be transported dissolved in blood plasma as ________ or as _______

Back 91

1. carbaminohemoglobin
2. bicarbonate ions

Front 92

most carbon dioxide is transported as what?

Back 92

bicarbonate

Front 93

what happens when carbon dioxide reacts with water in the plasma?

Back 93

carbonic acid is formed slowly, but instead much of the carbon dioxide enters red blood cells, where the enzyme carbonic anhydrase speeds this reaction

Front 94

the resulting carbonic acid dissociates immediately, releasing what?

Back 94

bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.