Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What can be causes of Pulmonary edema?
|
Hemodynamic or increase capillary permeability
|
|
What is the most common cause of hemodynamic pulm edema?
|
increase in hydrostatic pressure
|
|
What are you referring to saying "heart failure cells"?
|
hemosiderin-laden macrophages
|
|
What would you see in the Pulmonary Thromboembolus in micro?
|
alternating pale pink and red lines = lines of Zahn, which are layers of RBC, Platelets, fibrin
|
|
If patients survives, what happens to thromboembolus?
|
It will undergo organization
|
|
Sudden death and RHF are caused when...
|
60% or more pulmonary obstruction
|
|
Embolic obstruction of medium sized arteries ->
|
pulmonary hemorrhage but NOT INFARCTION
|
|
Obstruction of small end-arteriolar branches ->
|
Associated with INFARCTION
|
|
Multiple emboli ->
|
Pulmonary HTN and RHF
|
|
What is pulmonary infarction?
|
ischemic necrosis of a portion of a lung d/t lack of perfusion
|
|
What is defined as pulmonary hypertension?
|
if the pressure is 1/4 of systemic level in pulmonary system
|
|
What causes familial form of pulmonary hypertension?
|
mutation in bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 signaling pathway
BMPR1 |
|
What is normal BMPR2 signally perform?
|
inhibition of proliferation and favors apoptosis
|
|
What is seen in advance hypertensive pulmonary arteries in micro?
|
Plexogenic lesions
|
|
What is secondary form of PH?
|
endothelial cell dysfunction , which increases shear and mechanical injury with L-to-R shunt associations or biochemical injury produced by fibrin in thromboembolism
|
|
Besides the endothelial cell dysfunction, what else can induce PH?
|
Crotalaria sepctabilis - in bus tea
appetite depressant - aminorex adulterated olive oil anti-obesity drugs - fenfluramine and phentermine |
|
What is the normal amount of fluid b/w pleura and chest cavity?
|
< 15 ml of serous paucicellular (exfoliated mesothelial cells) clear fluid
|
|
What would you see in CXR with bilateral pleural effusion?
|
Loss of costophrenic angles
|
|
Name some of the causes of pleural effusion
|
Increased hydrostatic pressure - CHF
Increased vascular permeability - pneumonia Decreased osmotic pressure - nephrotic syndrome Increased intrapleural negative pressure - atelectasis Decreased lympathic drainage - mediastinal carcinomatosis |
|
What are the types of pleural effusion?
|
Inflammatory and non-inflammatory
|
|
Name some of inflammatory pleural effusion causes
|
inflammatory disease w/in the lung (serous, serofibrinous, fibrinous pleuritis)
TB, pneumonia, lung infarcts, lung abscess, RA, disseminated SLE, etc. Emphysema = a purulent pleural exudate Hemorrhagic pleuritis = sanguineous inflammatory exudate/ look for tumor cells |
|
Name some of non-inflammatory pleural effusion causes
|
Hydrothorax - Cardiac failure
Hemothorax - aortic aneursyms, vascular trauma - fatal Chylothorax - more on the left side - lymphatic fluid (more on the left possibly because of the hemiazogous vein) |
|
Exudate
|
inflammatory extravascular fluid
high protein conc. (> 3 micrograms) and cellular debris sp. gravity > 1.020 |
|
Transudate
|
fluid with low protein content (mostly albumin)
sp. gravity <1.012 |
|
What 3 criteria defines exudate?
|
1. pleural fluid protein divided by serum protein > 0.5
2. pleural fluid LDH divided by serium LDH > 0.6 3. pleural fluid LDH > 2/3's of upper limit of normal serum LDH (LDH = 50-150 units/L) |