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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
auscultation
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listening to sounds within the body (with a stethoscope) - helpful to diagnose conditions of the lungs, pleura, heart and abdomen
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percussion
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tapping on a surface to determine the difference in the density of the underlying structure. (lungs with pneumonia sound denser)
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pleural rub, or friction rub
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scratchy sound produced by pleural surfaces rubbing against each other - occurs when pleura are roughened and thickened by inflammation, scarring or neoplastic cells
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rales (crackles)
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fine crackling sound heard on auscultation when there is fluid in the alveoli
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rhonchi
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loud rumbling sounds heard on auscultation on bronchi obstructed by sputum - indicate congestion and inflammation in larger bronchial tubes
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sputum
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material expelled from the bronchi, lungs or uppper respiraory tract by spitting
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sputum culture
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growing sputum in a nutrient medium to detect the presence of a pathogen
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culture and sensitivity studies
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identify sputum pathogen and determine which antibiotic will be effective in destroying or reducing its growth
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purulent sputum
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green or brown sputum containing pus, indicative of infection or asthma
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blood-tinged sputum
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quality of sputum suggestive of tuberculosis or malignancy
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stridor
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strained, high-pitched sound heard on inspiration caused by obstruction in the pharynx or larynx - by abcess, airway injury, croup, allergic reaction, or epiglottitis and laryngitis
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wheezes
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continuous high-pitched whistling sounds produced during breathing - heard when bronchi are narrowed or obstructed as with asthma
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croup
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acute viral infection of infants and children with obstruction of the larynx, barking cough and stridor
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diphtheria
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acute infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract caused by bacterium causing inflammation, and a leathery opaque membrane forms in the pharynx and trachea
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DPT
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vaccine for diptheria, pertussis and tetanus
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epistaxis
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nosebleed
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pertussis
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whooping cough - highly contagious bacterial infection of the pharynx, larynx and trachea, characterized by paroxysmal spasms of coughing that ends in a loud "whooping" inspiration
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asthma
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chronic bronchial inflammatory disorder with airway obstruction due to bronchial edema and contriction and increased mucus production
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treatments for asthma (4)
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anti-inflammatory inhaled agents, bronchodilators, leukotriene blockers, trigger avoidance
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leukotrine blockers
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reduce inflammatory symptoms with inhaled medications
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bronchiectasis
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chronic dilation of a bronchus secondary to infection - loss of elasticity of the bronchi
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chronic bronchitis
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inflammation of bronchi persisting over a long time - a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
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cystic fibrosis
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inherited disorder of exocrine glands resulting in thick mucous secretions in the respiratory tract that do not drain normally
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atelectasis
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collapsed lung; incomplete expansion of alveoli
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emphysema
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hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls - loss of elasticity and the breakdown of alveolar walls result in expiratory flow limitation, increased pulmonary artery pressure - a type of COPD
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cor pulmonale
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right ventricular hypertrophy, and right heart failure
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lung cancer
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malignant tumor arising from the lungs and bronchi
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NSCLC
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non-small cell lung cancer
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SCLC
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small cell lung cancer
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2 types of NSCLC
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adenocarcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma |
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pneumoconiosis
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abnormal condition caused by dust in the lungs, with chronic inflammation, infection, and bronchitis
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3 types of pneumoconiosis
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anthracosis - coal dust (black lung);
asbestosis - asbestos particles; silicosis - silica or glass (grinder's disease) |
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pneumonia
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acute inflammation and infection of alveoli, which fill with pus - exudate consolidates (glues together) the alveoli, air exchange less effective
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exudate
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fluid, blood cells and debris
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infiltrate (noun)
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fluid filled area within the lungs as seen on a chest x-ray or CT scan
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lobar pneumonia
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entire lobe of a lung affected with pneumonia
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bronchopneumonia
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patchy abscesses in the lung parenchyma
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community-acquired pneumonia
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pneumonia resulting from a contagious respiratory infection
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hospital-acquired pneumonia, nosocomial pneumonia
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2 names for pneumonia acquired during hospitalization
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aspiration pheumonia
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pneumonia caused by material such as food lodging in bronchi or lungs
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pulmonary abscess
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large collection of pus in the lungs
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pulmonary edema
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fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles - caused by congestive heart failure - blood backs up in the pulmonary blood vessels
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pulmonary embolism
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clot or other material lodges in vessles of the lung
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pulmonary infarction
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occlusion in lungs causes an area of necrotic tissue
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pulmonary fibrosis
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formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs - from chronic inflammation or irritation caused by tuberculosis, pneumonia, or pneumoconiosis
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sarcoidosis
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chronic inflammatory disease in which small nodules (granulomas) develop in lungs, lymph nodes and other organs
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tuberculosis
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infectious disease caused by bacteria - bacilli invade lungs and produce small swellings of infection. highly contagious
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bacilli
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rod shaped bacteria
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mesothelioma
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malignant tumor arising in the pleura, caused by asbestos exposure
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pleural effusion
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abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity
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2 types of pleural effusion
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exudates - fluid from tumors, infections, trauma, and diseases; transudates - fluid from congestive heart failure, pulmonary embolism, or cirrhosis
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pleurisy
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inflammation of the pleura
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pneumothorax
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collection of air in the pleural space - caused by pulmonary disease, or prolonged high-flow oxygen from respirator
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pleurodesis
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artificial production of adhesions between the parietal and visceral pleura for treatment of pneumothorax
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COPD
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chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
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COPD (def)
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chonic condition of persistnet obstruction of air flow through bronchial tubes and lungs
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CXR
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chest x-ray
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chest tomograms
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series of xray showing slices of the chest at different depths. Detect small masses not seen on regular films
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computed tomography scan of the chest
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series of xray images show thoracic structures
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MRI of the chest
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helpful in locating mediastinal tumors such as those of Hodgkin disease
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CT pulmonary angiography
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sueful to examine the pulmonary circulation to diagnose pulmonary embolism
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PET scan of the lung
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positron emission tomography - used to assess small nodules seen on a CT scan
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V/Q scan
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ventilation-perfusion scan
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V/Q scan (def)
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detection device records radioactivity in the lung afeter injection of a radioisotope or inhalation of small amount of radioactive gas (xenon) - identifies areas of lung not receiving adequate ventilation or perfusion
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perfusion
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blood flow
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bronchoscopy
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fiberoptic endoscope examination of the bronchial tubes - for examination, biopsy, or specimen collection
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bronchioalveolar lavage
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bronchial washing - fluid is injected into lungs and withdrawn using bronchoscope
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transbronchial biopsy, bronchial brushing
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forceps or brush is inserted through broncoscope to grasp or scrape of tissue
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endotracheal intubation
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ventillator - placement of a tube through the mouth into the pharynx, larynx and trachea to establish an airway.
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laryngoscopy
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visual examination of the voice box
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lung biopsy
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removal of lung tissue followed by microscopic examination
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PFTs
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pulmonary function tests
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PFTs (def)
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tests that measure the ventialtion mechanics of the lungs - airway function, lung volume, capacity of the lungs to exchange gasses.
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spirometer
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measures the volume and rate of air pssing into and out of the lung
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obstructive lung disease
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airways are narrowed which results in resistance to air flow during breathing
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FEV1
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forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration
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5 examples of obstructive lung disease
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cystic fibrosis, asthma, bronchiectasis, COPD, bronchiolitis
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restrictive lung disease
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expansion of the lung is limited by disease that affects the chest wall, pleura, or lung tissue itsease
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TLC
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total lung capacity
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examples of restrictive lung diseases (8)
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pulmonary fibrosis, radiation damage, pneumoconiosis, myasthenia gravis, muscular dystrophy, diaphragmatic weakness, paralysis
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thoracentesis
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surgical pucture to remove fluid from the pleural space
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thoracotomy
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large surgical incision of the chest - necessary for lung biopsies and resections
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thoracoscopy (thorascopy)
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visual examination of the chest via small incisions and use of an endoscope
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video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS)
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allows the surgeon to view the chest from a video monitor - thorascope is equipped with camera
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tuberculin test
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etermines past or present tuberculous infection based on a positive skin reaction
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3 types of tuberculin test
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Heaf test, tine test, mantoux test, all using PPD
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PPD
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purified protein derivative
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tube thoracostomy
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chest tube is passed through an opening in the chest to continously drain a pleural effusion
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