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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the mechanism of bronchiectasis?
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Chronic necrotizing infection of the bronchi reulsting in permanently dilated airways
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Disease: Purulent sputum, recurrent infections, can develop aspergillosis
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Bronchiectasis
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What are the causes of bronchiectasis?
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Bronchial obstruction, cystic fibrosis, poor ciliary motility, Kartagener's syndrome
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List examples of obstructive lung disease.
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Asthma, bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, emphysema
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What are the typical pulmonary function test results for restrictive lung disease?
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Decreased: lung volumes, FVC, TLC; FEV1/FVC > 80%
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There are two broad categories of restrictive lung diseases. What are they and give examples of each.
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Poor breathing mechanics: myasthenia gravis, obesity, polio, scoliosis; Interstitial lung diseases: adult respiratory distress syndrome, neonatal respiratory disease syndrome (hyaline membrane disease), pneumoconioses, sarcoidosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, Goodpastures's syndrome, Wegener's granulomatosis, eosinophillic granuloma, drugs (bleomycin, busulfan, amiodarone)
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What is the lecithin to sphingomyelin ratio in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome?
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<1.5
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How do you treat neonatal respiratory distress syndrome?
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maternal steroids before birth, artificial surfactant for infant
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What are the causes of adult respiratory distress syndrome?
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trauma, sepsis, shock, gastric aspiration, uremia, acute pancreatitis, amniotic fluid embolism
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What is the mechanism of adult respitory distress syndrome?
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neutrophillic substances, acivation of coagulation cascade, or oxygen-derived free radicals cause diffuse alveolar damage resulting in increased alveolar capillary permeability and exudate
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What is the definition of sleep apnea? What are the two types?
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Person stops breathing for at least 10 seconds repeatedly during sleep; Central: no respiratory effect and Obstructive: respiratory effort against airway obstruction.
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What are the associations and sequalae of sleep apnea?
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obesity, loud snoring, systemic/pulmonary hypertension, arrhythmias, sudden death, chronic tiredness
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Asbestosis and smoking greatly increase the risk of _________________ but not________________.
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bronchogenic cancer; mesothelioma
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Which lobes do asbestosis usually affect? How about the other pneumoconioses?
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Lower lobes; upper lobes
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Absent or decreased breath sounds over the affected area, decrease resonance, decreased fremitus, and tracheal deviation towards side of lesion usually indicates…
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Bronchial obstruction
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Decreased breath sounds over affected areas, dullness, decreased fremitus can indicate…
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Plerual effusion
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Bronchial breath sounds over lesion (but not always), dullness, increased fremitus is typically caused by…
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Pneumonia
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Decreased breath sounds, hyperresonance, absent fremitus, and trancheal deviations away from lesion of lesion indicate…
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Pneumothorax
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Disease: cough, hemoptysis, bronchial obstruction, wheezing
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Lung cancer
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List the complications of lung cancer
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SPHERE: Superior vena cava syndrome, Pancoast's tumor, Horner's syndrome, Endocrine (paraneoplastic), Recurrent laryngeal symptoms (hoarseness), Effusions (pleural or pericardial)
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Centrally located lung cancers are likely to be….?
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Squamous cell carcinoma or small cell carcinoma
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Peripherally located lung cancers are likely to be…?
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Adenocarcinoma (bronchial or bronchioalveolar) or large cell carcinoma
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Which lung cancer(s) are associated with smoking?
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Squamous cell carcinomas, adenocarcinomas (bronchial, not bronchioloalveolar), small cell carcinoma
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Which lung cancer? Cavitation, keratin pearls, parathyroid-like activity, hilar mass, and intracellular bridges.
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Squamous cell carcinoma
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Which lung cancer(s) can have paraneoplastic activity?
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Squamous cell carcinomas: PTHrP; Small cell carcinoma: ectopic ACTH or ADH production; Carcinoid tumor: serotonin.
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Which lung cancer and cell type? Nonsmoking female, multiple densities on x-ray, develops in site of prior pulmonary inflammation or injury.
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Adenocarcinoma: bronchial or bronchioalveolar; clara cells --> type II pneumocytes
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Which lung cancer and cell type? Very aggressive but responsive to chemotheraphy, ectopic ACTH or ADH, can cause Lambert-Eaton syndrome
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Small cell carcinoma; Kulchitsky cells
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Which lung cancer and why the symptoms? Flushing diarrhea, wheezing, salivation
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Carcinoid tumor; serotonin --> carcinoid syndrome
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Which pneumonia and organism(s)? Intra-alveolar exudate, consolidation; can involve entire lung.
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Lobar; Pneumococcus
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Which pneumonia and organism(s)? Patchy distribution of consolidation involving one or more lobes.
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Bronchopneumonia; S. aureus, H. influenzae, Klebsiella, S. pyogenes
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Which pneumonia and organism(s)? Diffuse patchy inflammation localized to interstiltal areas at alveolar walls, consolidation involves one or more lobes.
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Interstitial (atypical) pneumonia; Viruses (RSV, adenovirus), Mycoplasma, Legionella, Chlamydia
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What causes lung abscesses?
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Bronchial obstruction, aspiration, S. aureus or anaerobes
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Causes of transudate pleural effusion?
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CHF, nephrotic syndrome, hepatic cirrhosis.
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Causes of exudate pleural effusion?
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Malignancy, pneumonia, collagen vascular disease.
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